Lately published by the same Author, price 2s. 6d. each,

A TEST-BOOK FOR STUDENTS.

PART I.-HISTORY AND GEOGRAPHY.

PART II.-LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE.

CONTENTS OF PART I.

SECTION I. SCRIPTURE.-1. The Books, their Authors and contents. 2. The Holy Land. 3. Prophecy and its fulfilment. 4. Christ. 5. The Apostles.

SECTION II. ANCIENT HISTORY.-1. Geography of the Ancients. 2. Mythology. 3. Early Grecian History. 4. The Persian Invasions. 5. The Peloponnesian War. 6. The Theban Supremacy. 7. Alexander, and his Conquest of Persia. 8. Early Roman History. 9. The Punic Wars. 10. The Civil Wars. 11. The Emperors.

SECTION III. MEDIEVAL HISTORY.-1. The Eastern, or Byzantine Empire. 2. The Western Empire and the Barbarians. 3. Formation of the European States. 4. Mahomet and his Successors. 5. The Crusades.

SECTION IV. MODERN HISTORY.-1. Early English History. 2. English attempts to conquer Scotland, France, &c. 3. The English Reformation. 4. The First English Revolution. 5. The Second English Revolution. 6. The American Revolt. 7. The English Wars of the French Revolution. 8. The Reformation. 9. Wars of the Spanish Succession. 10. The French Revolution and Bonaparte. 11. 1830-1856. 12. British India. 13. British Colonies and Dependencies. 14. The Thirty Years' War.

SECTION V. GEOGRAPHY.-1. Physical Geography. 2. Ditto. The Ocean and Ocean Currents. 3. The Globe. 4. Land and Water. 5. Europe. External Outlines. 6. Internal Conformation. 7. Political. 8. Great Britain and Ireland. External Outlines. 9. Internal Conformation. 10. Political. 11. Asia. External Outlines. 12. Internal Conformation. 13. Political. 14. Africa. 15. America. External Outlines. 16. Internal Conformation. 17. Political. APPENDIX.

CONTENTS OF PART II.

SECTION I. LANGUAGE.-1. Sounds and their Expressions. Vowels. 2. Consonants. 3. Origin and Development of Language. 4. Ethnographic Affinities of the Ancient Greeks. 5. Ethnographic Affinities of the Ancient Italians. 6. Connexion between Latin and French. SECTION II. ENGLISH.-1. The Races. 2. The Composition of the English Language. 3. Formation of English. 4. Orthography and Orthoepy. 5. Prefixes and Affixes. 6. English Grammar. I. 7. English Grammar. II. 8. English Grammar-Syntax. III. 9. English Grammar. - Composition of Sentences. IV. 10. English Prosody and Metre. 11. English Literature.-Poets. First Period. Circa 1400 to the Civil War, 1649. 12. English Literature. - Poets. From the Civil War, 1649, to the French Revolution, 1789. 13. English Literature.-Poets. From the French Revolution, 1789, to the Present Time. 14. English Literature.-Prose Writers. 15. English Literature.-Prose Writers. The Eighteenth Century.

SECTION III. GREEK.-1. Greek Accidence. Elementary. 2. Greek Accidence.More Advanced. 3. Translations from Greek. 4. Derivations from Greek Roots. 5. Construction and Syntax. 6. Versification. 7. The Greek Poets. 8. The Greek Drama. . The Greek Prose Writers.

SECTION IV. LATIN.-1. Latin Accidence. -Elementary. 2. Latin Accidence.-More Advanced. 3. Etymology. 4. Syntax. 5. Construing.-Latin into English. 6. Translation.

2

-English into Latin. 7. Prosody. 8. Variations in Construction. 9. The Roman Poets. 10. The Roman Prose Writers.

SECTION V. FRENCH.-1. Pronunciation. 2. French Grammar.- -The Articles. 3. French Grammar. - Substantives and Adjectives. 4. French Grammar. - Verbs, &c. 5. Idioms from English. I. 6. Idioms from English. II. 7. Idioms from French. I. 8. Idioms from French. II. 9. Colloquial Expressions. I. 10. Colloquial Expressions. II. 11. The French Poets. 12. The French Prose Writers. APPENDIX.

EXTRACTS FROM REVIEWS OF PART II.

ATHENEUM.

WE have noticed Part I. Part II. also consists of plain questions carefully set forth.

CRITIC.

THE papers are well set, and not too difficult.

LITERARY CHURCHMAN.

No pupils can be expected to do well in examination who have not previously been well drilled in paper work. Mr. Stantial's exertions go far to satisfy this demand. But the proof of utility in such performances is in their working. There is, however, sufficient primâ facie evidence of their suitability to induce us to recommend those who are preparing pupils for examination to give these papers a trial.

LIVERPOOL COURIER.

SCHOOLS of every order may derive some assistance from this work.

BATH AND CHELTENHAM GAZETTE.

THE papers before us are of a character to stimulate and evoke ability. Searching and comprehensive, they are utterly opposed to all cramming.

HAMPSHIRE INDEPENDENT.

OUGHT to be in the hands of every instructor of youth in this country.

THE BOOKSELLER.

MR. STANTIAL has produced, at the cost of much labour, a very useful work.

BATH JOURNAL.

ANY one page will be a convincing proof of the value of the questions. The suggestions they afford will probably be found useful to others, even those who have passed the ordeal of our Schools. The mind is sustained, not only by increase of information, but also by recalling past acquisitions and moulding them into a logical whole.

PART III.

ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS.

SECTION I-ARITHMETIC.

1. NUMBERS.

I.

1. GIVE instances of the mention of large numbers at an early period of the history of mankind; in the Bible; by Homer, Hesiod, &c.

2. What method of denoting numbers was in use among the Hebrews; also among the Greeks? And what method of reckoning was used by the Greeks?

3. What basis of notation would suggest itself to mankind, and has, indeed, been adopted in most systems? Also, what other scales of notation have been in use? Where is the binary scale (reckoning by twos) in use now?

4. Show that the Roman notation was on the denary scale (by tens), and that one stroke represented 1, two strokes 10, three 100, and four 1,000.*

5. Show how the forms for 100 and 1,000, being slightly modified, became initial letters of the Latin words for 100 and 1,000. How is the form for 1,000 further modified? +

6. From these marks show the sign for 5 (half 10), för 50 (half 100), for 500 (half 1,000).

7. What is the Latin for eighteen besides "octo et decem"? Show how this principle was applied by the Romans to representation of numbers; and express in Roman notation 4 and 19. Also 1857.

8. The Roman notation being cumbrous, what mechanical contrivances for computation were in use? Give a description of the "abacus."

9. What is the origin of the present numerals? When and by whom were they introduced into Europe? In what does the great value of the existing system consist?

10. Upon what scale are the values of the numbers calculated? Thus, show the value of each of the nines in the following-9999; and of each of the threes in 303030.

11. Express in numerals twenty millions twenty thousand and twenty. Also, seven millions seven thousand and seven.

12. Other scales might be adopted, as the quaternary, quinary, septenary, &c., where the numbers would be increased four, five, or sevenfold, instead of tenfold. What is the value in our common notation of 2332 in the quaternary, and 361 in the septenary?

13. Express 31 in the binary scale. Remove 2332 from the quaternary to the quinary, and thence to the denary scale.

14. What difference is there between the English and French systems of notation? Write in words the following, according to each system respectively,-300,754,006,004,562.

15. Explain the carrying in addition and multiplication; also the reason for borrowing 10 and carrying 1 in subtraction; and the value of the figures which are over in division, when carried on to the succeeding figures.

16. Show that multiplication and division are only condensed forms of addition and subtraction.

17. How may it be known if any collection of figures is divisible by 5 or 10? Also by 2, 4, or 8? Also by 3 or 9? Also by 11?

18. Illustrate these rules respectively by the following numbers :235 and 70; 142, 7184, and 19352; 717 and 8541; and 81653.

2. NUMBERS. II.

1. Express in English numerals CXVI, DCXXIV, MDCLXVII. Also, express by Roman signs 8, 74, 626.

2. Write in words the following:-2,017,018; 10,010,100; and express in numerals thirty millions three thousand and three hundred Also seventeen billions two millions eighteen thousand and seven.

3. Add together seventeen thousand eight hundred and forty, seventeen millions eight hundred thousand and nineteen, five hundred and three, two hundred thousand and eighty-seven.