elevation is such as to present a most extensive view of what once formed a portion of the Forest of Sherwood, and which even now displays clumps of gnarled oaks scattered here and there, and, spite of the inroads of inclosures, interspersed with furze and brushwood."

CUMBERLAND COUNTY, CARLISLE, &c.

CUMBERLAND is the north-western county of England. It derives its name from the Cumbri, or Cimbri, its aboriginal inhabitants. At the Roman division of Britain into provinces, this portion of the island was included in that called Maxima Cæsariensis, and was then inhabited by the Voluntii, (people of the forests,) a tribe of Brigantes, who maintained a long and glorious struggle against Roman tyranny, and internal corruption; and, although driven at last by the superior force of their invaders to their mountain ramparts, (where they assumed the name of Meatæ,) they continued from thence to harass "the masters of the world" so effectually, that the emperor Severus found it expedient to erect a wall to prevent their predatory excursions.

After Britain was abandoned by the Romans, the Cimbri united with the Scots and Picts, in mutual defense against the Saxons; but in the year 593, under the reign of Ethelfred, king of Nothumbria, they appear to have submitted to the Saxon yoke, though only as a tributary province; for they were governed by their own kings until the tenth century, when their territory was ceded to the Scots; and from this time may be traced all the bitter contentions, and the fatal and atrocious excesses of border feuds, so long carried on between the rival kingdoms.

After the cession of Cumberland to Malcolm, it was by turns under the dominion of the Scotch and English monarchs up to the year 1237, when it was finally annexed to the English crown by Henry the Third. Nothing, however, like peace and amity subsisted between the Scots and Cumbrians until the time of the union under Queen Anne, in 1707. During the rebellions of 1715, and 1745, it was once more made the scene of contention, and far worse, of political revenge.

The county of Cumberland presents the traveler with, perhaps, the grandest and most romantic scenery to be met with in England. The south-western districts, particularly, for a gigantic combination of rugged, rocky mountains, thrown together with the wildest and rudest sublimity, yet enclosing the softest and most beautiful valleys, fair streams, and lakes, and rich and extensive woodland, while, besides the charms lent by nature to this favored country, it boasts the picturesque and interesting addition of many ancient baronial castles, Roman remains, and even Druidical monuments.

Among the lakes, which are the principal objects of attraction in this county Derwent Water, or Keswick Lake, is one of the most distinguished. This beautiful expanse of water is remarkable for the wildness and grandeur of the neighboring scenery. It is nearly of an oval form, about three miles in length and one and a half in breadth, and it is one of the first spots to which the traveler directs

his steps when surveying the beauties of the County of Cumberland.

Bowderstone, Cumberland.

This remarkable stone is considered the largest detached mass in Great Britain. It is near Borrowdale, Cumberland, and its shape is seen in the annexed engraving. It is sixty-two feet in length, and eighty-four in circumference. It contains three thousand and ninety feet of solid stone weighing upwards of 1,771

tons.

CARLISLE, the capital of Cumberland county, is situated at the junction of the rivers Eden and Caldea, which, six miles below, fall into the Solway Firth. The city is 300 miles north from London, 200 from Dublin, and about 100 from Glasgow and Edinburgh. The population of the city, with its suburbs, is about 30,000.

Carlisle was called by the Romans Luguvallium, i. 66 e., a tower or fort by the wall." The Saxons added the word Caer, or City, and from these, Caer-luel, or Luguval, may be derived the modern appellation Carlisle. After the departure of the Romans, it declined till the seventh century, when it was re-built. Before the conquest, the history of the city is mingled with loose and uncertain relics of the times. After that event, we can trace its progress with more certainty, having evidence of undeniable authority to guide us. It seems, after the decline of the Cumberland monarchy, or rather from the reign of Egfrid to the coming of the Danes, this city fluctuated with the complexion of the times; but when the Danish invaders possessed themselves of the northern parts of the island, this city was reduced to ashes, and so complete was the destruction, that it continued a heap of ruins till the time of William the Conqueror; but it was not till the reign of his son, William Rufus, that it began to rise out of its ruins. That monarch, having a perfect idea of the importance of this place, as a frontier town, and being charmed with the beauty of its situation, undertook to restore the city, and caused many public buildings to be erected, which he defended by a strong wall, and a fortress or castle,

[The above shows the appearance of Carlisle, as it is seen from the north-east, showing the two bridges by which the town is entered from the north. The Cathedral is the large building seen in the central part, the castle appears on the right. On the day the place was visited, October 22, 1853, it being market-day, large droves of cattle were exhibited in the meadow on the left side of the bridge as you enter the town. On the right side of the bridge, droves of sheep, with shepherd dogs in attendance, were exhibited for sale.]

After the death of Henry I, Stephen usurped the throne, and gave this county to David, king of Scotland, to procure his aid against King Henry II, right heir to the late king, as son of the Empress Maude, daughter and sole heir to Henry I. But the King of Scots secretly favored him for his right's sake; and during the residence of the King of Scots at Carlisle, he knighted Henry before the high altar of the cathedral. After the death of David and King Stephen, Henry succeeded to the throne of England, took Carlisle and the county from the Scots, and granted to the city the first liberties which it enjoyed after the conquest.

The situation of Carlisle, near the borders of Scotland, when the two kingdoms were at war, exposed it to assaults from its hostile neighbors; while, in times of peace, the moss-troopers or inhabitants of the debateable land, harassed the people, and frequently traversing the adjacent country in pedatory bands, laid waste the fields, and made the cottages smoke with destruction. The warlike reign of King Edward I, brought Carlisle into particular notice. That crafty monarch beholding the apparent weakness of the sister kingdom, from an umpire, became a claimant to the crown of Scotland, and enforced his claim by the vigorous measures of the sword. In the thirty-fifth year of his reign he summoned his parliament to meet at Carlisle. It was convened on the twentieth of January, and continued till Palm Sunday following. The king continued at Carlisle till the twenty-eighth of June, and then setting forward towards Scotland, he was seized with a flux, and died at Burgh-by-Sands, on the seventh of July following.

In the fifteenth year of the reign of Edward II, Andrew de Harcla, having signalized himself by many warlike exploits, was, for his great services, created Earl of Carlisle. Being afterwards guilty of treason, he was degraded and punished with death. The circumstances of his seizure and execution are variously related by different

historians; it appears that he was seized by Lord Lucy, in the castle of Carlisle, on the eve of St. Mathias, attended by three stout and daring knights, St. Hugh de Lowther, Sir Richard Denton, and Sir Hugh de Moresby. Six days after, the chief justicar arrived at Carlisle, and the next day sentenced the Earl to be hanged and quartered. Which sentence was executed accordingly.

In the reign of Queen Elizabeth, Mary, Queen of Scots, taking refuge in England, after the decisive battle of Langside, was imprisoned by her royal relative, in the castle of this city. Here she continued about eleven months, under the superintend ence of Lord Scroop; after which, she was removed to Fotheringay castle, where she continued a prisoner near nineteen years, and terminated her unhappy existence upon the scaffold.

In the twentieth year of the reign of Charles I, siege was laid to this city by the Parliament forces, commanded by General Leslie, and continued from January to June that year, when it was surrendered upon honorable terms.

In 1745, this city was surrendered to the rebel army, under Charles Edward Stewart, on their march south-ward: being garrisoned only by an undisciplined new-raised militia, who were not in number able to defend so large an extent of wall; and the castle likewise surrendered, being guarded only by the governor and about seventy invalids. In their retreat to Scotland, the rebels left a small garrison here, who, after a few days' siege, surrendered to William, Duke of Cumberland, on condition of not beng put to the sword, but reserved to his majesty's pleasure.

The cathedral, dedicated to the Holy Trinity, is a venerable structure, partly of Saxon and partly of Gothic architecture, containing, on the screens in the aisles, some singular and ridiculous legendary paintings of St. Augustine and St. Anthony, with a distich in uncouth language to each. The first, and two last, on St. Augustine, are here transcribed:

1. Of Anton Story who lyste to here

In Egypt was he bornt as doyth aper.

16. Here in wilderns they bery hym that no man should hym knaw,
For so he camanded syne hom first ya draw.

17. Thus levyth he in wilderns XX yere and more
Without any company but the wild boore.

WILLIAM PALEY, D. D., so well known in the republic of letters, is buried within the walls of this cathedral, where there is a simple inscription to his memory. Dr. Paley was born at Peterborough, where he was minor canon of the cathedral, became master of Giggleswich School, Yorkshire, and then entered at Christ's College, Cambridge, where he took his bachelor's degree in 1763. He was for three years after assistant at Greenwich School, till he was elected fellow of his college, where he now became an active and popular tutor, and had for his coadjutor Dr. Law, afterwards Bishop of Elphin. By the kindness of this friend's father, who was bishop of Carlisle, he obtained a living in Cumberland, and next Appleby in Westmoreland, to which were afterwards added a prebend in Carlisle Cathedral, and the living of Dalston. In 1780, he was made Chancellor of Carlisle, and in 1785, he proved to the world how well entitled he was to the patronage of the great, by the publication of his Elements of Moral and Political Philosophy.

He was afterwards presented to a prebend at St. Paul's, by the Bishop of London, to the sub-deanery of Lincoln, by Dr. Prettyman, and to the valuable living of Bishop Wearmouth, by the Bishop of Durham. He published, in 1790, Hore Pauline, or the Truth of the Scripture, History of St. Paul, &c.-a View of the Evidences of Christianity, 1794, dedicated to the Bishop of Ely-Natural Theology, 1802, besides some single sermons, &c. His Moral Philosophy is become a popular book, and its chapters

are frequently subjects for disputation in the schools of the universities, yet it did not establish its reputation without being exposed to the censures of contemporaries, and remarks upon it have been published by Mr. Gisborne and Mr. Pearson. The preferment which Dr. Paley held was justly due to his merits, as the friend of virtue, and the eloquent advocate of Christianity, and he must be ranked among the few whose services to literature, to morality, and to religion, are honorably rewarded, by the patronage of the great. This truly illustrious divine and accomplished scholar, died at Sunderland, 25th June, 1805, in his sixty-second year.

HENRY BROUGHAM, the "Man of the Age," was born in St. Andrews Square, Edinburgh, in 1779. His father, the proprietor of Brougham Hall, was of an ancient English family, and his mother the sister of Robertson the historian. He received an excellent public education at the High School, and at fifteen, was removed to the University. He was quick, apt, and energetic, but occasionally his diligence forsook him, and he was frolicsome and idle; after such fits would occur the necessity for exertion, and then the powers of his mind were displayed, and by an effort he would outstrip all competition. Before he was seventeen, he addressed an Essay, on the Flection and Reflection of Light, to the Royal Society, which was so highly prized as to obtain a place in the transactions published by that learned and scientific body. He has been