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iv

MONITION FOR YOUTH.

testimonial of your liberality and munificent aid bestowed on the poor; together with the encouragements from time to time afforded for the promulgation of the arts and sciences: hoping that honorable, wealthy, and liberal individuals, may in future times, take an example from your benevolence for the aid of the rising youth of our country, "in teaching the young IDEA how to shoot."

Respectfully submitted,
By the Author.

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MONITION FOR YOUTH.

"The youth who's led by wisdom's guiding hand,
Seeks virtue's temple and her law reveres,
He, he alone in honor's dome shall stand,
Crown'd with rewards, and rais'd above his peers
Recording annals will preserve his name,
And give his virtues to IMMORTAL FAME!”

Watts

Thus may some have it in their pow'r, "Th' applause of list'ning Senates to command, The threats of pain and ruin to despise, To scatter plenty o'er a smiling land,

And read their hist'ry in a NATIONS' EYES."

DIRECTIONS

FOR TEACHING BY THIS BOOK.

1. Each scholar must have a slate and pencil. Slates without a frame will answer the purpose.

2. Benches ought to be four feet in length, with a space of eighteen inches vacancy at each end; place two scholars on each bench; they can then move in and out without disturbing each other.

3. The desk part must be level: all writing desks are too slanting: a position of three degrees elevation is sufficient for accounting houses.

4, On the front part of each tier of benches, raise a petition three feet in height; this will furnish the scholars with a place for hanging their lessons before them, and prevent detrimental communication. There must also be a space behind the scholars for an overseer with a slate and pencil, to each class. This is necessary in reading and writing, as well as in arithmetic. The first lesson for a child is to form the Roman alphabet in capitals, then the Italic alphabet; this operation can be done on a black board covered with white sand, or on a slate: begin with I, then H, L, 1, i, E, F; these will comprise the letters which are formed with straight marks and right angles in Roman print. In the next place begin with those letters which have acute angles, and finish with those letters A*

which have a circular construction, together with all the small letters discreetly divided into sections.

5. Behind each class, place an overseer with a slate and pencil as before mentioned :-a boy or girl at the age of ten years, who has previously learned the lessons, is sufficiently able to oversee; and at the same time they will be improving and growing more expert in calculations, or in reading.

6. When one scholar becomes more ready in calculation than the rest, examine the class in the manner prescribed on card No. 16, and advance those who are suitable for a higher class, as discretion may dictate the teacher.

This plan is intended for exciting a laudable ambition, for an encouragement to persevere in study, and obtain a higher grade than to remain stationary.

Repetitions will often happen in this work to save time in turning over to particular rules, and to render the work easy.

The following directions are a sample of Repetition: The cards and all the tables must be copied in a neat copy-hand, properly called Roman text; they must then be pasted on boards, press-paper, or old newspapers of a two-fold thickness: in the next place suspend these cards and tables in plain view, for each scholar to look at when time and business will permit; but at the time of examination, the blank side must be turned to view. In common schools it will answer a valuable purpose to examine the pupils immediately after the class has finished a lesson in reading.

+ EXAMPLES.*

How many pounds in a quarter of a hundred avoirdupois? How many pounds in a hundred avoirdupois? How many ounces in a pound of the same weight? How many ounces in a pound troy weight? How many rods in a furlong? How many feet in a rod? How many feet in a yard? How many inches in a foot? How many are 7 times 8? 8 times 9? 8 times 8? 6 times 7? 5 times 9? 11 times 2? 11 times 5? 9 times 11? 10 times 11? 6 times 5? &c. &c. according to the ingenuity of the teacher.

In this mode of interrogating, give preference as in spelling; it will create a profitable rivalry, and furnish the mind with a little fund of mental calculation. All the tables ought to be attended to, especially the Addition No. 1, and the Multiplication.

+ EXPLANATION OF ARITHMETIC.

Arithmetic is the science of numbers: by it we can make greater calculations with figures, than by the mind alone. Arithmetic may be divided into three parts: common, vulgar, decimal. Common arithmetic is that part by which we usually transact business; vulgar is, in some cases, a short method of making calculations by vulgar fractions; decimal arithmetic is an easy mode of calculating by whole numbers and

* Additional lessons to the first edition, now inserted in this second edition are marked with a dagger, thus t.

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fractions combined. These fractions are composed of tenths, hundredths, thousandths, tens of thousandths, hundreds of thousandths, &c.

Whole numbers are called Integers; and fractions are parts of integers, as will be explained in their proper place. To arithmetic belong six rules :-notation, numeration, addition, substraction, multiplica• tion, and division; the four last of these are called the ground rules, by which all calculations are made. Their explanation will be found in each rule.

+ QUESTIONS.

What is arithmetic?

Into how many parts may we divide it?

What are their names?

What is common arithmetic?

What is vulgar?

What is decimal?

What are whole numbers called?

What are fractions?

How many ground rules in arithmetic ?
Name them.

+ NOTATION AND NUMERATION.

Notation is the noting down any number, as 1234. Numeration shows how to read such number, or any number we please. Begin with the 4, and read to the left hand-units, tens, hundreds, thousands; one thousand, two hundred and thirty-four.

Now attend to your numeration table, card No. 7. Let it be written in large hand writing,-hang it in view and copy it on your slates repeatedly.

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