with fine pitch, etc.), machine elements, and tools, including small tools, technical designs, pipe making, etc.

It is in principle accepted that all rational unification ought to follow either the series S. I. (adopted in 1900 by the International Congress of Zurich) or the series of Colonel Renard, the choice between these two series being made according to circumstances.

It is to be hoped that the coordination of the ensemble of these activities in the various countries will result in important advances.

LABORATOIRE CENTRAL D'ÉLECTRICITÉ

(Paris, France)

The laboratory has continued to construct standard cells. A comparison of these cells with those of the Russian Bureau of Weights and Measures was completed in November, 1928. A comparison of the standards of self inductance and mutual inductance of the laboratory and of the National Physical Laboratory was completed in 1929.

Among activities in progress may be mentioned a determination of the ohm in absolute value and the establishment of new standards of inductance.

In the course of 1928-29 comparisons of the standards of luminous flux of the laboratory were made with those of the National Physical Laboratory, of the Physikalische Technische Reichsanstalt, and of the Russian Bureau of Weights and Measures.

The laboratory furnishes industry with standards of magnetic permeability, standards of luminous flux, and also standards of luminous intensity functioning at color temperature 2,360 K. These latter standards are intended for intended for the purpose of photographic testing.

NATIONAL STANDARDIZING BODIES

Brief outlines of the activities and accomplishments of the national standardizing committees or associations in 21 countries in which such organizations are now functioning are given below, in alphabetical order, with the exception of those of the American Standards Association, which are presented in Chapter VII.

In the order of their organization the national bodies are as follows: Great Britian, 1901; Holland, 1916; Germany, 1917; United States of America, 1918; Switzerland, 1918; France, 1918 (reorganized in 1928); Belgium, 1919; Canada, 1919; Austria, 1920; Italy, 1921; Japan, 1921; Hungary, 1921; Australia, 1922 (reorganized in 1929); Sweden, 1922; Czechoslovakia, 1922; Norway, 1923; Poland, 1924; Finland, 1924; Russia, 1925; Denmark, 1926, and Rumania, 1928.

The method of cooperation developed by the British is followed, with more or less modification, by all of the national bodies. Technical decisions involved in the formulation of standards are rendered by so-called sectional committees made up primarily of accredited representatives of the various groups interested therein.

Through the interchange of information arranged in regular form on uniform blanks, all of the national bodies are kept posted as to the new projects, drafts of standards, and general tendencies in the national standardization work in all other countries. All approved standards are interchanged as a matter of routine, and each national

standardizing body acts as a sales agent for the approved standards of the other bodies. The information supplied by the foreign national bodies to the American Standards Association has been used as the basis for the sketches given below.

Australia. Standards Association of Australia, W. R: Hebblewhite, general secretary, Macleay House, 16 College Street, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

The Standards Association of Australia was established in July, 1929, by an amalgamation of the Australian Commonwealth Engineering Standards Association and the Australian Commonwealth Association of Simplified Practice, the former of which, during the seven years of its existence, has published a total of 131 specifications. The new association directs the combined activities under two divisions, standards and simplified practice. The standards division includes the engineering standards and safety codes groups, already in active operation, and provides, further, for a group dealing with standards for general commodities.

The association has 31 sectional committees, which with their subcommittees and panels number in all over 250 committees, with a personnel of nearly 2,000. Specifications in draft form are widely circulated for comment prior to final preparation for publication. Austria.-Österreichischer Normenausschuss für Industrie und Gewerbe (ÖNIG), Dr. Jaro Tomaides, secretary, Lothringstrasse, 12, Vienna III, Austria.

The Austrian Standards Committee has prepared 493 standards and specifications, 317 of which have been approved and promulgated. Work is progressing on 156 other projects. Status of activities in each of the ten classifications is shown in the following table.

Committees of the ÖNIG are at present engaged in work on the following subjects: Bolts and nuts, Whitworth screw threads; bolts and nuts, metric screw threads; key widths; tolerances; ball bearings; piping; fittings; paper sizes; rivets; sea navigation; inland navigation; tables of exchange; measuring; designs; pressure testing for stationary steam boilers; canalizations; machine shafts; couplings; keys; iron and steel; zinc; standard diameter; air navigation; sprinkler regulations; automobile parts; agricultural machinery.

Belgium.-Association Belge de Standardisation (ABS), Gustave L. Gérard, general secretary, Max Reichert, secretary, 33 rue Ducale, Brussels, Belgium.

In July, 1929, the Belgium Standards Association had completed 39 standards, and was at work on 32 other standardization projects as summarized in the following table:

Among the completed standards may be mentioned: Rules for iron and steel constructional work; rules for construction of iron and steel tanks, galvanized iron roofs and walls, and iron and steel bridges; electric motors and transformers; rubber-covered wires and cables; wire rope; oils for transformers and circuit breakers; armored cables; reinforced concrete; paper sizes; zinc ores; copper rivets; cast-iron bell and spigot pipe; cable-box insulators; telegraph poles; machine screws; petticoat insulators; electrical symbols; bayonet lamp sockets and caps; tolerances; armored insulated cables; standard incandescent lamps.

Canada. Canadian Engineering Standards Association (CESA), B. Stuart McKenzie, M. E. I. C., secretary, 178 Queen Street, Ottawa, Canada.

The Canadian Engineering Standards Association has extended the sphere of its operations to include not only the carrying on of industrial standardization but also what is known as simplified practice, or the elimination of waste. Since its organization in 1917, at the suggestion of the British Engineering Standards Association and the British Board of Trade, the association has undertaken 51 standardization projects, 27 of which have been completed. A summary of these projects is shown in the following table:

Completed projects include standards for: Steel railway and highway bridges; Portland cement; reinforcing materials for concrete; steel structures for buildings; classification for items of highway expenditure; movable bridges; wire rope; stove bolts; transformers; telegraph and telephone wire; incandescent lamps; reinforced concrete and cedar

poles; electric meters; control cable for electrical power-plant equipment; Canadian Electrical Code; wire rope for aircraft purposes; gasoline; wire fencing and gates; sampling of ferrous materials; hotrolled bar steels; cold-finished bar steels.

Committees are working on a revised edition of Part I of the Canadian Electrical Code, which contains the essential requirements and minimum standards for electrical installations in, on, or over buildings, using potentials of from 0 to 5,000 volts. Rules governing motors, grounding, meters, and use of different types of conductors will be considerably revised, and new material covering demand factors, wattage of outlets, and other matters will also be included. Work is going forward on Parts II and III of the code, which relate to specifications for electrical apparatus and outside wiring rules. Czechoslovakia.-Československá Normalisační Společnost (ČSN), B. Rosenbaum, director, Prague V, Pařížská, 28, Czechoslovakia. Standards of this organization are published in both Czech and German. It has prepared numerous standards in the mechanical engineering field, including: Screw threads; bolts and nuts; rivets and pins; angle irons; structural steel; cross section of ribbon, sheet, round, and square iron; car wheels and trucks; link chains; boiler plate; steel and cast-iron pipe; flanges; copper, brass, and aluminum bars, wires, and sheets. It has also issued regulations for iron and timber structures in buildings and for the installation, inspection, and maintenance of elevators.

Up to January, 1929, a total of 43 standards had been approved by the board of managers of the organization and declared Czechoslovakian standards, 18 of which were formally approved in 1928. The association has adopted an official trade-mark for goods manufactured in accordance with its specifications.

Denmark. Den danske Standardiseringskommission (DS), H. E. Glahn, secretary, Industribygningen, Copenhagen B, Denmark.

The Danish standards committee, organized in 1926, is composed of 24 members, 7 of whom are representatives of Government departments, the others of technical, industrial, and trade bodies. All of the members are appointed by the Ministry for Industry.

Up to July 1, 1929, 16 standards have been approved by the committee. Among these are standard diameters, steel-wire ropes, standard reference temperature, Whitworth and metric screw threads, pipe threads, types and names for screws, dimensions of doors, right and left hand marking for windows and doors, standard cones, and standard roundings.

During the first half of 1929, work progressed on about 46 standards, including technical drawings (projection methods, thicknesses and sorts of lines, cutting plane and section line, sections, lettering, measuring, sizes, and symbols), limits and fits, screw threads, details for bolts and nuts, gas appliances, hinges, specifications and methods of tests for textiles for hospitals, plows, rings for common ring and cambridge rollers, paper sizes, fire-hose couplings, furniture, and chattels for hospitals.

The following table gives a summary of Danish standardization projects:

Finland. Finlands Standardiseringskommission (SFS.), A. Willberg, secretary, Mikaelsgatan 19, Helsingfors, Finland.

During the five years of its existence the Finnish Standards Committee has approved 148 standards. Work is going forward on 181 projects. The number of standards and projects approved and under way as of September, 1929, for each of the various classifications is as follows:

Among the approved standards may be mentioned: Screw threads; pipe threads; standard diameters; limits and fits; drawings (paper sizes and seals, letter and cipher types, writing proofs, lines, thicknesses and sorts, method of projecting, hatching, symbols, etc.); screws; nuts; washers; rivets; pins; keys; transmissions; piping; paper sizes; plate sizes; export packing.

The

France. Association Française de Normalisation (AFNOR.), R. Girardeau, director general, 27 Avenue de Friedland, Paris, France. French standardization work was first carried on by the Permanent Committee on Standardization (CPS.), which functioned, under the direction of the Minister of Commerce, from 1918 to 1924. principal purpose of this committee was to establish standards for the use of industrial and governmental organizations. It published 54 specifications relating to standardization, then became inactive for several years.

In 1926 representatives of various industries established the French Standards Association (AFNOR.) for continuing the work previously undertaken by the Permanent Committee on Standardization. The French Standards Association was reorganized near the end of 1928.

The French Standards Association functions in a rôle of centralization, coordination, and liaison. It serves as intermediary between foreign national standards committees and the standards committees of the individual industries, and between the latter and the Govern