crown of a realm, singly, and by right of tlood. The word queen is derived from the Saxon cren, uror, the wife of any one, but applied, by way of excellency, to the wife of the king only; whence she was anciently called the king's queen; the West Saxons having no other name for a queen but the king's wife. Asser de Ælfred. rebus, &c. She was also called lady, in Saxon wlæfdig; just as madame, or mademoiselle, are still used in France, for the wife and daughter of the duke of Orleans. The name queen is also given, by way of courtesy, to her that is married to the king; called, by way of distinction, queen consort. In respect whereof the former is called queen regnant, or regent. The widow of a king is also called queen, but with the addition of dowager. In the first sense, queen is, in all construction, the same with king; and has the same power and prerogative, in all respects, that the King has. The queen consort is inferior, and a person distinct from, and a subject of, the king. In England, though she be a feme covert, yet may she sue, and be sued, in her own name; and may make leases, and grants, &c. as a feme sole. She has several other prerogatives. Though an alien, she may purchase lands in fee-simple, without either naturalization, or denization; she may present to a benefice; nor is plenarty a bar against her more than against the king. She is also capable of taking a grant from the king, which no other wife can do from her husband; and she may have a separate property in goods as well as lands, and has a right to dispose of thein by will. She pays no toll, and shall not be amerced, if she be non-suited in any action; and may not be impleaded till first petitioned. To conspire her death, or violate her chastity, is high treason. She has an ancient peculiar revenue, called queen-gold; besides a very large dower, with a royal court, and officers, apart. The queen dowager, as the widow of the king, enjoys most of the privileges belonging to her as queen consort. But it is not high treason to conspire her death, or to violate her chastity; because the succession to the crown is not thereby endangered. To QUEEN. v. n. To play the queen. QUEEN OF THE MEADOWS, in botany. See SPIRZA. QUEEN'S BALM, in botany. See DRACO tory of the island of Southern Georgia. Lon 36. 11 W. Lat. 54. 32 S. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S FORELAND, a cape of the island of New Caledonia. Lon. 167. 12 E. Lat. 22. 15 S. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S ISLAND, an island in the S. Pacific Ocean, six miles long and one broad, discovered by captain Wallis in 1767. Lon. 138. 4 W. Lat. 19. 18 S. QUEEN CHARLOTTE'S SOUND, a sound at the N. extremity of the S. island of New Zealand, near Cook's Strait. The country here is not so steep as at Dusky Bay, and the hills near the seaside are in general of an inferior height, but covered with forests equally intricate and impenetrable. The dogs here are of the long-haired sort, with pricked ears, and much resemble the common shepherd's cur, but they are very stupid. Lon. 174. 13 E. Lat. 41.5 S. QUEEN'S COUNTY, a shire of Ireland, in the province of Leinster, 30 miles long and 29 broad; bounded on the N. by King's County, on the E. by Kildare, on the S.E. by Catherlough, on the S. by Kilkenny, and on the W. by King's County and Tipperary. It was formerly full of woods and bogs; but is now much improved. It contains 50 parishes, and sends eight members to parliament. Maryborough is the capital. QUEEN'S FERRY, a borough in Linlithgowshire, seated on the frith of Forth, where it is not more than two miles wide. It is a much frequented ferry, and is nine miles W. of Edinburgh. Lou. 3. 20 W. Lat. 56. o N. QUEENBOROUGH, a borough in Kent, in the isle of Shepey, with a market on Monday and Thursday. It had once a strong castle, the remains of which are still to be seen The chief employment of the inhabitants is oyster-dredging, oysters being here in great plenty, and of a fine flavour. It is 15 miles N.W. of Canterbury, and 45 E. of London. Lon. 0. 48 E. Lat. 51. 26 N. QUEER. a. Odd; strange; original; par ticular (Spectator). QUEERLY. ad. Particularly; oddly. QUEERNESS. s. (from queer.) Oddness; particularity. QUEEST, a ringdove. See COLUMBA. QUEICH, a river of Germany, which passes by Landau, and runs into the Rhine, near Germersheim. QUEI-LING, a city of China, capital of the province of Quang-si. It has its name from a flower called quci, which grows on a tree resembling a laurel, and emits such a sweet odour, that it perfumes the whole country. It stands on a river that runs into the Ta, but with such rapidity as not to be navigable. It is 180 miles N. by W. of Canton, and 587 S. of Peking. Lon. 109. 51 E. Lat. 25. 12 N. To QUELL. v. a. (cpellan, Saxon.) To crush; to subdue: originally, to kill (Alterbury). To QUELL. v. n. To die (Spenser). QUELL. S. Murder: not in use (Shakspeare). QUELLER. s. (from quell.) One that crushes or subdues (Milton). QUELLINUS (Erasmus), an eminent painter, born at Antwerp in 1607. He was the disciple of Rubens. Several of the churches in his native city are ornamented with the united skill of master and pupil. He died in 1678. QUELLINUS (John Erasmus) the son and disciple of the above, was born at Antwerp, in 1630. After studying under his father he went to Rome, and then returned to Antwerp, where he was employed in decorating the churches. He died in 1715. QUELQUECHOSE. s. (Fr.) A trifle; a kickshaw (Donne). To QUEME. v. n. (cpeman, Saxon.) To please. To QUENCH. v. a. 1. To extinguish fire (Sidney). 2. To still any passion or commotion (Shakspeare). 3. To allay thirst (South). 4. To destroy (Davies). To QUENCH. v. n. To cool; to grow cool (Shakspeare). QUENCHABLE. a. (from quench.) That may be quenched. QUENCHER. s. (from quench.) Extin guisher. QUENCHLESS. a. (from quench.) Unextinguishable (Crashaw). QUENSTEDT (John Andrew), a Lutheran divine, born at Quedlimburgh in 1617. He wrote a work, styled' Dialogus de Patriis illustrorum virorum, doctrina et scriptis, comprising the learned inen from Adam, to 1600. He died in 1688. QUENTIN (St.), a strong town of France, in the department of Aisne, with a consider able manufacture of lawns and cambrics. Near this place, in 1557, Philip II. of Spain gained a signal victory over the French, and afterward took the town by storm. In memory of this, he built the Escurial. The town was restored to France in 1559. It is seated on an eminence, on the river Somme, 21 miles S. of Cambray, and 83 N. by E. of Paris. Lon. 3. 29 E. Lat. 49. 50 N. QUERCI, or QUERCY, a late province of France, bounded on the N. by Limosin, E. by Rouergue and Auvergne, S. by Languedoc, and W. by Perigord. It is fertile in corn, wine, and fruits. It now forms the department of Lot. QUERCUS. Oak. In botany, a genus of the class monoccia, order polyandria. Male:, calyx campanulate, lobed; corolless; stamens from five to ten. Female: calyx campanu late, very entire, rough; corolless; styles from two to five; stigmas three; nut superior, coriaceous, one-seeded. Twenty-seven species scattered over the globe, of which two are indigenous to our own country. The following are cultivated. 1. Q. robur. Common oak. Well known to every man; and proverbially to every Englishman. In woods rises to a very considerable height, but when planted singly is rather a spreading than a lofty tree, sending off horizontally prodigious branches, which considerably divide and subdivide. Trunk covered with a very rugged brown bark; leaves deciduous oblong, broader towards the top, with rather acute sinuses, and obtuse angles; peduncles of the fruit elongated. There are several varieties from a variation in the leaf, form of the tree, or duration of the foliage. The English oak is as remarkable for its slowness of growth, and longevity, as for its bulk; the trunk has been often observed to have attained not more than twenty inches, and sometimes not more than fourteen, in the space of fourscore years. In regard to bulk we have an account of an oak belonging to lord Powis, growing in Broomfield wood, near Ludlow in Shropshire, in 1764, the trunk of which measured 68 feet in girth, 23 in length; and which, reckoning 90 feet for the larger branches, contained in the whole 1455 feet of timber, round measure, or 29 load and 5 feet, at 50 feet to a load. The Cowthorp oak, near Wetherby in Yorkshire, lays a claim to being the father of the forest. Dr. Hunter, who, in his edition of Evelyn, has given an engraving of it, says, that within three feet of the surface it measures sixteen yards, and close to the ground twenty-six. In 1776, though in a ruinous condition, it was 85 feet high, and its principal limb extended 16 yards from the bole. The foliage was very thin. If this measurement was taken as the dimensions of the real stem, the size of this tree would be enormous; but like most very large trees, its stem is short, spreading wide at the base, the roots rising above the ground like buttresses to the trunk, which is similar not to a cylinder but to the frustum of a cone. Mr. Marsham, says, "I found it in 1768, at four feet, 40 feet 6 inches; at five feet, 36 feet 6 inches; and at six feet, 32 feet 1 inch." In the principal dimensions then, the size of the stem, it is exceeded by the Bentley oak, of which the same writer gives the following account: "In 1759 the oak in Holt forest, near Bentley, was at seven feet, 34 feet. There is a large excrescence at five and six feet that would render the measure unfair. In 1778 this tree was increased half an inch in 10 years. It does not appear to be hollow, but by the trifling increase I conclude it not sound." These dimensions, however, are exceeded by those of the Boddington oak. It grows in a piece of rich grass land, called the old orchard ground, belonging to Boddington manor farm, lying near the turnpike road between Cheltenham and Tewksbury, in the vale of Gloucester. The stem is remarkably collected at the root, the sides of its trunk being much more upright than those of large trees in general; and yet its circumference at the ground is about 20 paces; measuring with a two foot rule, it is more than 18 yards. At three feet high it is 42 feet, and where smallest, i, e. from five to six feet high, it is 36 feet. At six feet it swells out larger, and forms an enormous head, which has been furnished with huge, and probably extensive, arms. But time and the fury of the wind have robbed it of much of its grandeur, and the greatest extent of arm in 1783 was eight yards from the stem. In the Gentleman's Magazine for May, 1794, we have an account of an oak tree growing in Penshurst park in Kent, together with an engraving. It is called the bear or bare oak, from being supposed to resemble that which Camden thought gave name to the county of Berkshire. The dimensions of the tree are these. Girth close to the ground Girth of lowest, but not largest Ft. In. 35 6 27 6 24 O 69 With respect to longevity, Linnéus gives account of an oak 260 years old; but we have had traditions of some in England (how far to be depended upon we know not) that have attained to more than double that age. Mr. Marsham, in a letter to Thomas Beevor, esq. Bath Papers, vol. i. p. 79, makes some very ingenious calculations on the age of trees, and concludes from the increase of the Bentley oak, &c. that the Fortworth chesnut is 1100 years old. The oak perhaps that stands a chance of being most celebrated in future times is that at Yardley Lodge, which Cowper selected as the name of a didactic poem that every one who reads the little he lived to write must deeply regret he did not live to finish. It ap pears to have been known for some ages by the name of Judith; and Mr. Hayley suggests that it might have been so denominated from its being planted by the countess Judith, niece to the conqueror, whom he gave in marriage to the English earl Waltheof, with the counties of Northampton and Huntingdon as her dower. This however is suggestion and nothing more, though Cowper relates that there was a tradition in the neighbouring country that it had been an oak in the time of the conqueror, which is carrying its nativity still higher, though at the expence of Mr. Hayley's sure mise. Whatever be its age, its girth, though considerable, is much less than several of those aiready noticed, being not more than 28 feet 5 inches as measured by the poet himself: it is also at this time quite in decay, a pollard and almost hollow. It is thus exquisitely described in the fragment above referred to. Time made thee what thou wast-king of the woods! And time hath made thee what thou art-a cave For owls to roost in once thy spreading boughs Slow after century, a giant-bulk Of girth enormous, with moss-cushion'd root Besides the grand purposes to which oaktimber is applied in navigation and architecture, and its bark in tanning leather, there are various uses of less consequence to which the different parts of this tree have been referred. The bark is employed in the Highlands to dye yarn of a brown colour, or mixed with copperas, of a black colour. Oak saw-dust is a fustians. The acorns of the tree are a good principal ingredient in dyeing drabs, especially the severe winter of 1709 the poor in France food to fatten swine and turkeys; and after fed by constraint upon acorns themselves. The quercus esculus, however, of the south of Europe produces an acorn which is eaten by the inhabitants as an excellent food, and without any compulsion whatever. ficiently known to the ancients, but it is the In medicine its adstringent effects were suf by our pharmacopoeias. Oak bark manifests bark which is now directed for medicinal use with a moderate bitterness. to the taste a strong adstringency, accompanied stringents, it has been recommended in agues, Like other adand for restraining hæmorrhages, alvine fluxes, and other immoderate evacuations. A decoction of it has likewise been advantageously employed as a gargle, and as a fomentation or lotion in procidentia recti et uteri. Galls, which, in the warm climate of the East, are found upon the leaves of this tree, are occasioned by a small insect with four wings, called cynips quercus folii, which deposits an egg small perforation through the under surface. this respect to three of the others. Galls appear to be the most powerful of the vegetable adstringents. As a medicine, they are to be considered as applicable to the same indications as the oak-bark, and by possessing a greater degree of adstringent and styptic power, seem to have an advantage over it, and to be better suited for external use. Reduced to fine powder, and made into an ointment, they have been found of great service in hæmorrhoi dal affections. 2. Q. phellos. Willow-leaved oak tree. Grows forty or fifty feet high, with deciduous, lanceolate, very entire leaves, like the willow; whence its specific name. The acorns are sweeter than those of the common oak, and are eaten by the Indians. They afford, by expression, an oil little inferior to oil of almonds. It is a native of North America. 3. Q. prinus. Chesnut-leaved oak. Fifty or sixty feet high; leaves deciduous, ovateelliptic, pubescent underneath, deeply toothed; teeth very white, obtuse, nearly equal. A native of North America. 4. Q. nigra. Black oak. Thirty or forty feet high; bark discoloured and dark; leaves annual, wedge-form, somewhat hearted, obscurely lobed, the lobes dilated. North Ame rica. 5. Q. rubra. Red oak. Sixty feet high; dark-greyish bark; leaves annual, but remain. ing late in autumn, of a reddish colour, glabrous on both sides, obtusely sinuate; the sinuses divaricate; segments acute with setaceous points. North America. 6. Q. alba. White bark. Thirty or forty feet high; bark whitish; leaves annual, pinnatifid; sinuses narrowed; segments oblonglinear without points. Virginia. 7. Q. esculus. Italian or small prickly cupped oak-tree. Thirty feet high; bark purplish; leaves pinnatifid; pubescent underneath, with lanceolate acute segments; raments axillary, filiform; acorn oblong; calyx prickly. South of Europe. The acorns often made use of as food. 11. Q. gramuntia. Holly-leaved ever-green oak. Forty or fifty feet high; leaves like those of the holly; anthers roundish. South of France. 12. Q. suber. Cork-tree. Thirty or forty fect high, bark thick, tough, fungous, cleft; leaves evergreen, ovate-oblong, downy underneath, undulate. The common and useful material called cork is the outer bark of the tree, which is not destroyed by being carefully deprived of it; on the contrary a new coating, fit for the same purpose, is completed once in every six or seven years: see the article CORK. South of Europe. 13. Q. coccifera. Scarlet, or kermes oak. Fourteen or fifteen feet high, ramous, and bushy. Leaves ovate, hearted, tooth-spinous, glabrous on both sides, undulate. The branches are covered with small glandular excrescences which are the nidus of the insect called coccus ilicis, and produce the dying substance named kermes or scarlet pastel. See Coccus and KERMES. These are all propagated by sowing the seed or acorns. If that of the common oak be made use of, and a small plantation or a subsequent plantation be designed, prepare some beds of fresh earth neither too strong and heavy nor too light and dry. In these beds place the acorns in rows one foot asunder, and about two inches distance in the rows, covering them about two inches thick with the same fresh earth, none being left uncovered so as to entice the vermin, which may in a short time destroy all the seeds. In the spring, when the plants begin to appear, you must carefully clear them from weeds, and if the season proves dry, you should refresh them now and then with a little water. In these beds the plants should remain till the following autumn (observing constantly to keep them clear of weeds), at which time you should prepare a spot of good fresh earth, in size proportionable to the quantity of plants, which should be well trenched and levelled: then towards the middle or latter end of October, you should carefully take up the plants so as not to injure their roots, and plant them out in rows three feet asunder, and eighteen inches distance plant from plant, observing never to suffer the plants to abide long out of the ground, because their roots would dry, and endanger the growth of the plants. When they are planted, you should lay a little mulch upon the surface of the ground near in clumps in parks, &c. but if they are designed for timber, it is by much the better method to sow the acorns in the places where they are to remain; in order to which, you should provide yourself in autumn with a sufficient quantity of acorns, which should be always taken from straight, upright, vigorous growing trees. These should be gathered from under the trees as soon as may be after they are fallen, and if possible in a dry time, laying them in some open room to dry; after which they may be put in a dry sand, and preserved in a dry place till the end A of November, when you should prepare the ground for planting them. 8. Q. ægilops. Great prickly-cupped oak. Seventy, eighty, or more feet high; trunk very large; head widely ramous; bark whitish. Leaves ovate-oblong, downy underneath, sinuate-trepand, with acute segments; calyx very large, clothed with scales spreading every way. Levant. 9. Q. cerris. Turkey oak. Thirty or forty feet high. Leaves sinuate, pinnatifid, pubescent underneath; with rather acute segments; raments axillary, filiform; calyx beset and rough with prickles. South of Europe. 10. Q. ilex. Ever-green, or holm oak. Forty or fifty feet high; bark smooth; leaves ever-green, lanceolate, or oblong, downy underneath; calyx ciliate; anthers ovate. Three varieties, as follow. a. Leaves lanceolate, very entire.. 6. Leaves lanceolate, serrate. 7: Leaves oblong, with pungent teeth. native of the south of Europe. QUERCUS MARINA, the sea-oak. In botany, the name of one of the broad-leaved dichotomous sea-fucuses. QUERELE. s. (querela, Latin; querelle, Fr.) A complaint to a court (Ayliffe). QUERENT. 5. (querens, Lat.) The complainant; the plaintiff. QUERENGHI (Anthony), an Italian poet, who wrote in his own language and in Latin, born at Padua in 1546. He was secretary of the sacred college under five popes, and died at Rome in 1033. His Latin poems were picted at Rome in 1639, and the Italian in 2016, both in 8vo. QUERFURT, a town of Upper Saxony, in Thuringia, capital of a principality of the same name, with a castle. It is situate on the ivulet Wute, surrounded by a ditch, 14 miles N.N.W. of Naumburg. Lon. 11. 50 E. Lat. 51. 23 N. QUERIA, in botany, a genus of the class tindria, order trigynia. Calyx five-leaved; corolless; capsule one-celled; seed one. Three species; two American, one of Japan. QUERIMBA, a cluster of small islands on the coast of Mosambique, fertile in fruits and pastures. They are inhabited by the descend ants of Portuguese, and so named from the principal one. Lon. 41. 40 E. Lat. 11. 40 S. QUERIMONIOUS. a. (querimonia, Lat.) Querulous; complaining. QUERIMONIOUSLY. ad. Querulously; with complaint (Denham). QUERIMONIOUSNESS. s. (from querimonious.) Complaining temper. QUE'RIST. s. (from quæro, Lat.) An inquirer; an asker of questions (Swift). QUERLON (A. G. Meusnier de), a native of Nantes, born in 1702. He published a penodical paper for the province of Britany 22 years, entitled Les petites affiches, and for ive years of the same time conducted the Gazette de France, and took a part in the Jour nal Etranger, and Journal Encyclopedique. He published an edition of Lucretius with notes, and many other works. He died in 1780. QUERN. s. (cpeoɲn, Saxon.) A handmill. QUERPO. s. (corrupted from cuerpo, Spanish.) A dress close to the body; a waistcoat (Dryden). QUERRY, for equerry. s. (ecuyer, Fr.) A groom belonging to a prince, or one conversant in the king's stables (Bailey). QUE RULOUS. a. (querulus, Latin.) Mourning; habitually complaining (Howel). QUE RULOUSLY. ad. In a complaining manner (Young). QUE RULOUSNESS. s. (from querulous.) Habit or quality of complaining monrnfully. QUERY. s. (from quære, Latin.) A question; an inquiry to be resolved (Newton). To QUERY. v. a. (from the noun.) To ask questions (Pope). QUESNAY (Francis), first physician to the king of France, and member of the aca demy of sciences of Paris, and of the royal society of London. He was born at Ecqueville in 1694, and was the author of a charming poem, called Maison rustique; and some other pieces in the line of his profession. He died in 1774. QUESNE (Abraham, marquis du), born in Normandy in 1610. He was brought up to the naval service under his father. In 1637 he was at the attack of St. Marguerite, and the year following defeated the Spanish fleet before Cattari. In 1644 he entered into the Swedish service, and distinguished himself greatly against the Danes. In 1647 he returned to France, and was employed as commander of a fleet in the Mediterranean. In 1676 he displayed great skill and bravery against the Dutch fleet under Ruyter. He died at Paris in 1688. QUESNEL (Pasquier), a priest of the congregation called the oratory, in France, born at Paris in 1634. He occasioned considerable disturbances in the church by his writings in defence of its ancient rights. Having embraced Jansenism, he was obliged to retire to Brussels, where after the death of Arnaud he became the head of his party. Pope Clement XI. issued the famous bull Unigenitus against his Reflections on the New Testament, in which a hundred and one propositions extracted from it were condemned. Quesnel fled to Amsterdam, where he died in 1719. He wrote several other works, and was a man of great learning and piety. QUESNOY (Francis du), a Flemish sculptor, born at Brussels, and died at Leghorn in 1644. His performances shew great taste and elegance. QUESNOY, a fortified town of France, in the department of Nord, with an old castle. It was taken by the allies in 1711, and retaken the same year. In 1793, it was taken by the Austrians, and retaken the next year. It is seated in an extensive plain, on the rivulet Ronelle, nine miles S.E. of Valenciennes, and 122 N.E. of Paris. Lon. 3. 40 E. Lat. 50. 15 N. QUEST. s. (queste, French.) 1. Search ; act of seeking (Milton). 2. An empannelled jury (Shakspeare). 3. Searchers. Collectively (Shakspeare). 4. Inquiry; examination (Shakspeare). 5. Request; desire; solicitation. To QUEST. v. n. (queter, French.) To go in search. QUE'STANT. s. (from quester, French.) Seeker; endeavourer after (Spenser). QUESTION.s. (question, French.) 1. Interrogatory; any thing inquired (Bacon). 2. Inquiry; disquisition (Bacon). 3. A dispute; a subject of debate (John). 4. Affair to be examined (Swift). 5. Doubt; controversy; dispute (Tillotson). 6. Judicial trial (Hooker). 7. Examination by torture (Ayliffe). 8. State of being the subject of present inquiry (Hooker). 9. Endeavour; search: not used (Shakspeare). To QUESTION. v. n. (from the noun.) 1. |