INSURANCE. WAIVER OF FORFEITURE of policy of insurance, though in the nature of an estoppel, may be created by acts, conduct, or declarations insufficient to create a technical estoppel, and the courts, not favoring forfeitures, are inclined to grasp any circumstances which indicate an election to waive a forfeiture. INSURANCE WAIVER OF FORFEITURE. Where an insurance company, after knowledge of the breach of a condition in the policy, enters into negotiations or transactions with the assured which recognize and treat the policy as still in force, and induces the assured to incur trouble or expense, it waives the right to insist upon a forfeiture. INSURANCE-BREACH OF CONDITION FORFEITURE. — The mere omission of an insurer to repudiate and annul a policy for breach of condition therein, and to notify the insured that it claimed the forfeiture, is not a legal waiver of the right to claim it if the insurer did not receive notice of the breach of condition until after the loss.

INSURANCE - WAIVER OF FORFEITURE. — The knowledge of the insurer of a breach of condition in the policy is necessary to a waiver of its forfeiture. Therefore a waiver does not arise from notice of such breach to an agent who is only authorized to solicit and take applications for insurance, receive premiums, and deliver policies, but who has no right to waive a breach of such condition, nor to settle a loss; nor does a waiver arise where the company's adjuster, with knowledge of such breach, agrees to select arbitrators to appraise the loss, but also stipulates that their appointment "is without reference to any other questions within the terms and conditions of the insurance contract as expressed in the policy," the latter providing that such appraisement "shall not determine the validity of the contract, nor the liability of this company, nor any other question except only the amount of such loss or damage.'

INSURANCE. — SPECIAL AUTHORITY TO INSURANCE AGENT to adjust a particular loss or damage does not confer authority to bind the company by a promise to pay such loss or damage.

Tompkins, London, and Troy, for the appellant.

Watts and Son, contra.

CLOPTON, J. The action is brought by appellee on a policy insuring a stock of goods against loss or damage by fire. the evidence, there can be no controversy as to the destruction of the goods or their value. It is only necessary to consider the questions arising on the special defenses. These are: 1. Want of insurable interest; 2. Concealment of a fact material to the risk; and 3. Forfeiture of the policy.

The averments of the plea setting up want of insurable interest are, that plaintiff was a married woman, under the disabilities of coverture, at the time of the issuance of the policy, and has continuously remained such; that she purchased the insured goods on a credit, for the purpose of carrying on a mercantile business, and asserts that no interest or title passed to her by the purchase, and has repudiated, and

still repudiates and denies, her liability to pay for the goods. It is contended that the contract of purchase is absolutely void and inoperative to pass an insurable interest.

The statutes creating the separate estates of married women in force at the time of the issuance of the policy, having been construed not to confer capacity, nor to enlarge the common-law capacity of the wife, to acquire property by purchase on credit, the character and operation of such contract of purchase must be determined by the principles of the common law. The authorities are in conflict on the question of the wife's power to purchase on credit when she has no separate estate which she can bind; but they hold quite uniformly that she may make a valid purchase of other property on credit when she is possessed of a separate estate which she can charge by the contract of purchase, and such property, when purchased, becomes her separate estate. Wilder v. Abernethy, 54 Ala. 644, 25 Am. Rep. 734, is not inconsistent with this doctrine. That case was a trial of the right of property between a creditor of the husband and the wife as claimant, in which the legal title only was involved. The goods were purchased on credit by the husband for the purpose of trade in the name of his wife, passed into and continued in his possession until they were seized by the sheriff under an execution against him, and were unpaid for at the time of the levy. It is said: "The goods having been purchased only on credit of the wife, and the contract of purchase not being a charge upon the separate estate created by the deposit by her father with her husband (the only separate estate she is shown to have had), no legal title to the goods passed to her." Manifestly, the decision would have been otherwise had Mrs. Abernethy possessed a separate estate on which the contract of purchase was a charge. The omission of the plea to aver that the plaintiff did not possess such separate estate is an answer to its sufficiency, if there were no other.

The capacity of a married woman to purchase property on credit with the assent of her husband, though she may have no separate estate, must be regarded as settled in this state. It has been repeatedly held that at common law the wife may make, during coverture, a valid purchase on credit of real estate with the assent of the husband, or if without his consent, subject to his disaffirmance; and if he does not dissent, such purchase creates in the wife a legal or equitable interest, as may be the nature and effect of the transaction, which be

Ala. 499; Prout

There is nothproperty which Though a mar

comes her separate estate: Marks v. Cowles, 53 v. Hoge, 57 Id. 28; Sharp v. Sharp, 76 Id. 312. ing in the character or qualities of personal calls for the application of a different rule. ried woman cannot, at common law, bind her person by a contract of purchase, if the vendor is willing to risk her voluntary payment, his transfer will be valid against all persons, unless it may be the creditors of the husband: Knapp v. Smith, 27 N. Y. 277; Kelly on Contracts of Married Women, 160.

2. The second plea avers, in addition to the foregoing facts, that the plaintiff concealed the fact of her coverture, and that the agents of defendant were forbidden to issue policies of insurance on stocks of merchandise in the hands of married women. It follows, from what we have said, that the coverture of plaintiff is not a fact material to the risk. The agents of defendant were apparently clothed with general powers to solicit and take applications for insurance from any and all persons. Private instructions to such agent, uncommunicated to the plaintiff, will not affect her rights.

3. The policy of insurance contains the condition that it shall be and become void in case the assured "shall now have, or hereafter make or accept, any other insurance, whether valid or not, on any of the property above described, without the written consent of the company indorsed hereon." The evidence indisputably shows that the plaintiff subsequently accepted a valid policy of insurance on the same stock of goods from the Hibernia Insurance Company. The agent of the latter company who issued the policy was informed of the first insurance, and embodied in the policy a permit for additional insurance, and informed the plaintiff that she had to give defendant notice of the second insurance. The amount due on this policy has been paid. The second insurance being valid, we are relieved of the necessity of consider- . ing the question, so elaborately argued by counsel, whether accepting invalid additional insurance would avoid the contract. The court held, and properly held, that procuring additional valid insurance without the consent of defendant was a breach of the condition of the policy. Such additional insurance having been taken and accepted without notice to the defendant, the contract is avoided, unless the company has waived the right to claim the forfeiture, which the plaintiff insists has been done.

4. On breach of the condition and forfeiture of insurance,

the defendant had the election to avoid the policy or waive its right to claim the forfeiture. Conditions in a policy of insurance limiting or avoiding liability are strictly construed against the insurer, and liberally in favor of the assured. Though a waiver may be in the nature of an estoppel, and maintained on similar principles, they are not convertible terms. The courts, not favoring forfeitures, are usually inclined to take hold of any circumstances which indicate an election to waive a forfeiture. A waiver may be created by acts, conduct, or declarations insufficient to create a technical estoppel. If the company, after knowledge of the breach, enters into negotia tions or transactions with the assured which recognize and treat the policy as still in force, or induces the assured to incur trouble or expense, it will be regarded as having waived the right to claim the forfeiture. But notice or knowledge of the breach is essential to a waiver. If the defendant did not have notice of the forfeiture until after the destruction of the goods, some affirmative act or conduct is requisite. In such case, “a waiver cannot be inferred from mere silence. It [the company] is not obliged to do or say anything to make the forfeiture effectual. It may wait until claim is made under the policy, and then, in denial thereof, or in defense of a suit commenced therefor, allege the forfeiture." The mere omission of defendant, if it did not receive notice of the additional insurance until after the destruction of the goods, to repudiate and annul the policy, and acquaint the plaintiff that it claimed the forfeiture, is not, as matter of law, a waiver of right to claim it: Titus v. Glens Falls Ins. Co., 81 N. Y. 410.

On proof that the local soliciting agent of defendant went to the place of the fire on the morning after it occurred, in company with the agent of the Hibernia Insurance Company, and with him examined into the condition of the goods, observing that he would have to telegraph for an adjuster, the court instructed the jury that they could look to these facts, in connection with the other evidence, to determine whether or not the defendant, through its agents, elected to treat the policy as subsisting, after knowledge of the second insurance, and that notice to the soliciting agent was notice to the company. Notice to an agent is notice to the principal only when it is acquired while engaged in the business of the principal, within the scope of his authority, and respecting a transaction then pending: Hill, Fontaine, & Co. v. Helton, 80 Ala. 528. On this principle, notice to the soliciting agent, while receiv

ing the application for insurance, of a material fact or inaccuracy in the application, is notice to and binds the company: Peid. & Ar. Ins. Co. v. Young, 58 Id. 476. The evidence shows that a soliciting agent has nothing to do with settling the loss. An agent who is only authorized to solicit and take applications for insurance, receive the premiums, and deliver the policy after having been signed by the proper officers, has no authority, express or implied, to waive a breach of the condition of the policy relating to additional insurance: Bush v. Westchester Fire Ins. Co., 63 N. Y. 531; Bartholomew v. Mer. Ins. Co., 25 Iowa, 507; Harrison v. City Fire Ins. Co., 9 Allen, 231; 85 Am. Dec. 751; Hamilton v. Aurora Fire Ins. Co., 15 Mo. App. 59; Cleaver v. Traders' Ins. Co., 65 Mich. 527; 8 Am. St. Rep. 908; Liverpool, L., & G. Ins. Co. v. Sorsby, 60 Miss. 302; Van Allen v. Farmers' Ins. Co., 64 N. Y. 469; May on Insurance, sec. 138.

A few days after the fire, Hawks, an adjuster representing both companies, came, and, by agreement with plaintiff, an appraisement of the value of the goods was made by persons selected in pursuance of the terms of the policy. The adjuster, having been informed that there was a second insurance, entered into an agreement with plaintiff for the selection of arbitrators to make the appraisement. The agreement provides: "It being agreed and understood that this appointment is without reference to any other question within the terms and condition of the insurance contract as expressed in the policy." The policy also contains a provision that the appraisement of the value of the property by arbitrators chosen by the parties "shall not determine the validity of the contract, nor the liability of this company, nor any other question, except only the amount of such loss or damage." There was evidence tending to show that Hawks promised to pay the loss. Hawks was not the generally retained adjuster of defendant, but was employed in particular cases. Special authority to an agent to adjust loss and damage does not confer authority to bind the company by a promise to pay the loss. It may be that if the company, with knowledge of the forfeiture, had authorized an agent to adjust the loss, a liability and a promise to pay would ordinarily be implied; but the implication may be rebutted, either by the terms of the policy or by an agreement reserving the question of liability. The validity of the agreement is not impeached. There is no pretense that its contents were concealed or misrepresented. The