as that on the day of the dedication, or the nativities of the holy martyrs, whose relics are there deposited, they may build themselves huts of the boughs of trees, about those churches which have been turned to that use from temples, and celebrate the solemnity with religious feasting, and no more offer beasts to the devil, but both kill cattle to the praise of God in their eating, and return thanks to the Giver of all things for their sustenance; to the end that, whilst some gratifications are outwardly permitted them, they may the more easily consent to the inward consolations of the grace of God. For there is no doubt that it is impossible to efface every thing at once from their obdurate minds; because he who endeavours to ascend to the highest place, rises by degrees or steps, and not by leaps. Thus the Lord made himself known to the people of Israel in Egypt; and yet he allowed them the use, in his own worship, of the sacrifices which they were wont to offer to the devil; so as to command them in his sacrifice to kill beasts, to the end that, changing their hearts, they might lay aside one part of the sacrifice, whilst they retained another; that whilst they offered the same beasts which they were wont to offer, they should offer them to God, and not to idols; and thus they would no longer be the same sacrifices. This it behoves your affection to communicate to our aforesaid brother, that he, being there present, may consider how he is to order all things. May God preserve you in safety, most beloved son.

"Dated the 15th of the kalends of July, [the 17th of June,]1 in the nineteenth year of the reign of our lord, the most pious emperor, Mauritius Tiberius, the eighteenth year after the consulship of our said lord; in the fourth indiction."

CHAP. XXXI. [A.D. 601.]-POPE GREGORY, BY LETTER, EXHORTS AUGUSTINE NOT

TO GLORY IN HIS MIRACLES.

§ 75. Ar which time he also sent Augustine a letter2 concerning the miracles that he had heard had been wrought by him; wherein he admonishes him not to incur the danger of being puffed up by the number of them. The letter was in these words :—

I know, most loving brother, that Almighty God, by means of your affection, shows great miracles in the nation which he has chosen. Wherefore it is necessary that you rejoice with fear, and tremble whilst you rejoice, on account of the same heavenly gift; namely, that you may rejoice because the souls of the English are by outward miracles drawn to inward grace; but that you fear, lest, amidst the wonders that are wrought, the weak mind may be puffed up in its own presumption, and as it is externally raised to honour, it may thence inwardly fall by vain-glory. For we must call to mind, that when the disciples returned with joy after preaching, and said to their heavenly Master, Lord, in thy name, even the

1 This letter, being evidently the last of the series, is here assigned to an incorrect date.

2 Epp. xi. 28; Opp. ii. 1109. This is an extract only; the remainder will be given in its proper place. It was written 1 Jan. 601.

devils are subject to us; they were presently told, Do not rejoice on this account, but rather rejoice for that your names are written in heaven.' [Luke x. 17, 20.] For they placed their thoughts on private and temporal joys, when they rejoiced in miracles; but they are recalled from the private to the public, and from the temporal to the eternal joy, when it is said to them, ' Rejoice for this, because your names are written in heaven.' For all the elect do not work miracles, and yet the names of all are written in heaven. For those who are disciples of the truth ought not to rejoice, save for that good thing which all men enjoy as well as they, and in which they have no faith of private enjoyment.

"It remains, therefore, most dear brother, that amidst those things, which, through the working of our Lord, you outwardly perform, you always inwardly judge yourself strictly, and clearly understand both what you are yourself, and how much grace is in that same nation, for the conversion of which you have also received the gift of working miracles. And if you remember that you have at any time offended our Creator, either by word or deed, that you always call it to mind, to the end that the remembrance of your guilt may crush the vanity which rises in your heart. And whatsoever you shall receive, or have received, in relation to working miracles, that you consider the same, not as conferred on you, but on those for whose salvation it has been given you."

CHAP. XXXII. (A.D. 601.]-POPE GREGORY SENDS LETTERS AND PRESENTS TO KING ÆDILBERCT.

§ 76. THE same holy pope Gregory, at the same time, sent a letter to king Ædilberct, with very many presents of several sorts; being desirous to glorify the king with temporal honours, at the same time that he rejoiced that through his labour and zeal he had attained the knowledge of the heavenly glory. The copy of the said letter is as follows:

"To the most glorious Lord, and his most excellent son, Edilberct, king of the English, Bishop Gregory. The design of Almighty God in advancing good men to the government of nations is, that He may by their means bestow the gifts of his mercy on those over whom they are placed. This we know to have been done in the English nation, over whom your glory was therefore placed, that by means of the goods which are granted to you, heavenly benefits might also be conferred on the nation that is subject to you. Therefore, with a careful mind preserve illustrious son, do my the grace which you have received from the Divine goodness, and hasten to promote the christian faith, which you have embraced, among the people under your subjection; multiply the zeal of your uprightness in their conversion; suppress the worship of idols; overthrow the structures' of the temples, edify the manners of your subjects, and promote much cleanness of life by exhorting, terrifying, soothing, correcting, and giving examples of good works, that

you

1 See § 74, note 2.

you may find Him your rewarder in heaven, whose name and knowledge you shall spread abroad upon earth. For He also will render the fame of your honour more glorious to posterity, whose honour you seek and maintain among the gentiles.

66

§ 77. For even so Constantine, our former most pious emperor, recovering the Roman commonwealth from the perverse worship of idols, subjected the same with himself to our Almighty God and Lord Jesus Christ, and was himself, with the people under his subjection, entirely converted to Him. Whence it followed, that his praises transcended the fame of former princes; and he as much excelled his predecessors in renown as he did in good works. Now, therefore, let your glory hasten to infuse into the kings and people that are subject to you, the knowledge of one God, Father, Son, and Holy Ghost; that you may both surpass the ancient kings of your nation in praise and merit, and become by so much the more secure against your own sins before the dreadful judgment of Almighty God, as you shall wipe away the sins of others in your subjects.

Willingly hear, devoutly perform, and studiously retain in your memory, whatsoever you shall be advised by our most reverend brother, bishop Augustine, who is fully instructed in the monastical rule, full of the knowledge of the holy Scripture, and, by the help of God, endued with good works; for if you give ear to him in what he speaks for Almighty God, the same Almighty God will the sooner hear him praying for you. But if (which God avert!) you slight his words, how shall Almighty God hear him in your behalf, whom you neglect to hear for God? Unite yourself, therefore, to him with all your mind, in the fervour of faith, and further his endeavours, through the assistance of that strength which the Divinity affords you, that He may make you partaker of his kingdom whose faith you cause to be received and maintained in your

own.

§ 78. Besides, we would have your glory know, as we find in the holy Scripture, from the words of the Almighty Lord, that the end of this present world, and the kingdom of the saints, is about. to come,' which will never terminate. But as the same end of the world approaches, many things are at hand which were not before, namely, changes of air, and terrors from heaven, and tempests out of the order of the seasons, wars, famines, plagues, earthquakes in several places; all which things will not, nevertheless, happen in our days, but will all follow after our days. If you, therefore, find any of these things to happen in your country, let not your mind be in any way disturbed; for these signs of the end of the world are sent before, for this reason, that we may be solicitous for our souls, watchful of the hour of our death, and may be found prepared in good works to meet our Judge. Thus much, my illustrious son, I have said in few words, to the end that when the christian faith shall increase in your kingdom, our discourse to you may also be more copious, and we may be permitted to say the more, in pro

1 This idea would appear to have been strongly impressed upon the mind of Gregory. See Lib. iii. ep. 23, ed. 1675.

portion as joy for the conversion of your nation is multiplied in our mind.

I have sent you some small presents, which will not appear small, when received by you with the blessing of the holy apostle, Peter. May Almighty God, therefore, perfect in you that grace of his which He has begun, and prolong your life here through a course of many years, and after a time receive you into the congregation of the heavenly country. May the grace of God preserve your excellency in safety.

"Dated the 10th of the kalends of July, [22d of June,] in the nineteenth year of the reign of our most pious emperor, Mauritius Tiberius, in the eighteenth year after his consulship; in the fourth indiction."

CHAP. XXXIII. [A.D. 598, or 602.]—AUGUSTINE REPAIRS THE CHURCH OF OUR SAVIOUR, AND BUILDS THE MONASTERY OF ST. PETER THE APOSTLE; PETER THE

FIRST ABBAT OF THE SAME.

§ 79. AUGUSTINE having his episcopal see granted him in the royal city, as has been said, and being supported by the king, recovered therein a church,' which he was informed had been built by the ancient Roman Christians, and consecrated it in the name of our holy Saviour, God and Lord, Jesus Christ, and there established a residence for himself and all his successors. He also built a monastery not far from the city to the eastward, in which, by his advice, Aedilberct erected from the foundations the church of the blessed apostles, Peter and Paul, and enriched it with several donations; wherein the bodies of the same Augustine, and of all the bishops of Canterbury, and of the kings of Kent, might be buried. However, Augustine himself did not consecrate that church, but Laurentius, his successor.

3

The first abbat of that monastery was the priest Peter,' who, being sent ambassador into France, was drowned in a bay of the sea, which is called Amfleat, and buried by the inhabitants of the place in an unworthy grave; but Almighty God, to show how deserving a man he was, caused a light to be seen over his grave every night; till the neighbours who saw it, perceiving that he had been a holy man that was buried there, inquiring who and from whence he was, carried away the body, and interred it in the church, in the city of Boulogne, with the honour due to so great a person.

1 Christ Church, Canterbury, the present cathedral; the monastery presently mentioned afterwards became St. Augustine's abbey.

2 See Mabill. Act. SS. Bened. ii. 1; Act. SS. Bolland. 1 Jan. p. 334. The year of his death is uncertain, but it occurred before 610.

3 Now Ambleteuse, a small village, a little to the north of Boulogne.

CHAP. XXXIV. [A.D. 603.]-ÆDILFRID, KING OF THE NORTHUMBRIANS, HAVING VANQUISHED THE NATIONS OF THE SCOTS, EXPELS THEM PROM THE TERRITORIES OF THE ANGLES.

§ 80. At this time, Aedilfrid, a most valiant king, and ambitious of glory, governed the kingdom of the Northumbrians, and ravaged the Britons more than all the great men of the Angles, insomuch that he might be compared to Saul, once king of the Israelites, excepting only this, that he was ignorant of the true religion. For he conquered more territories from the Britons, either making them tributary, or expelling the inhabitants, and planting Angles in their places, than any other king or tribune. To him might justly be applied the saying of the patriarch blessing his son in the person of Saul, "Benjamin shall ravin as a wolf; in the morning he shall devour the prey, and at night he shall divide the spoil." [Gen.xlix.27.] Hereupon,Aedan,' king of the Scots that inhabit Britain, being concerned at this success, came against him with an immense and brave army, but was beaten by an inferior force, and put to flight, escaping with a few only of his followers; for almost all his army was slain at a famous place called Degsastan, that is, Degsastone. In which battle also Theodbald, brother to Aedilfrid, was killed, with almost all the forces he commanded. To this war Aedilfrid put an end in the year 603 after the incarnation of our Lord, the eleventh of his own reign, which lasted twenty-four years, and the first year of the reign of Phocas, who then governed the Roman empire. From that time, no king of the Scots durst come into Britain to make war on the Angles to this day.

BOOK II.

CHAP. I. [A.D. 604.]—ON THE Death of the BLESSED POPE GREGORY.

§ 81. Ar this time, that is, in the year of our Lord 605,' the blessed pope Gregory, after having most gloriously governed the Roman and apostolic see during thirteen years, six months, and ten days, died, and was translated to the eternal see of the heavenly kingdom. Of whom, in regard that he by his zeal converted our nation, namely, the English, from the power of Satan to the faith of Christ, it behoves us to discourse more at large in our Ecclesiastical History, for we may and ought rightly to call him our apostle; because, whereas he bore the pontifical primacy over all the world, and was placed over the churches already reduced to the faith of the truth, he made our nation, till then given up to idols, the

1 The battle of Degstan, in which Edan was routed, is ascribed to the year 603, upon the authority of Ussher, Eccl. Brit. Antiq. p. 371. As to the locality of the action, it is contested between Dalston, near Carlisle, and Dawston, in Liddisdale.

2 He was buried 12th March, 604, and not in 605, as Beda here states, deceived probably by a different mode of calculating the commencement of the year.