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the abfurdity, he then fays, it means, zdly. A hill, a rifing ground; and that this fenfe is very rare. Although it has this fenfe in every inftance he has given for a contrary fenfe: nor has he given, nor could he give, any inftance where this fubftantive has any other fenfe than that which he fays is fo rare. But this is like all the rest from this quarter; and I repeat it again, the book is a disgrace to the country.

"Frerer, Falconer, Wachter, and De Broffes, have all laboriously and learnedly (but, I think, not happily;) confidered the word Dun. "From what Camden fays of the ancient names (Danmonii or Dunmonii, and Dobuni,) of the inhabitants of Cornwall and Gloucerfhire, and of the two rivers (Daven or Dan or Dun or Don) in Chefire and in Yorkshire; it seems as if he fuppofed, that our English word DOWN came to us from the Britons.

Solinus, he obferves, called the Cornifh men Dunmonii; which name feems to come from their dwelling there under hills. For their habitation all over this country is low and in vallies; which manner of dwelling is called, in the British tongue, Danmunith. In which fenfe alfo the province next adjoining is, at this day, named by the Britons, Duffneint, that is to fay, Low wallies.'

"Of the Dobuni he fays-This, their name, I believe, is formed from Duffen, a British word; because the places where they planted themselves were, for the most part, low, and lying under the hills.'

"Speaking of the river in Cheshire, he fay's,Then cometh this Dan, or, more truly, Daven, to Davenport, commonly called Danport.'

"Of the river in Yorkshire, he fays,- The river Danus, commonly called Don or Dune, fo termed, as it fhould feem, because it is carried in a channel low and funk in the ground: for so much signifieth Dan in the British language.'

"Selden, in his notes on the first fong of Drayton's Polyolbion, gives full affent to Camden's etymology. He fays, Duffneint, i. e. low valleys in British, as judicious Camden teaches me.'

"Milton, I doubt not on the fame authority, calls the river the gulphy DUN.'

Rivers arife; whether thou be fon

'Of utmost Tweed, or Oofe, or gulphy Dun.'

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"And Bishop Gibson concurs with the fame; tranflating, without any diffent, the marginal note, Duffen Britannicè profundum five depreffum,' in these words, Duffen, in British, deep or low.'

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"How then, against such authorities, fhall I, with whatever reafon fortified, venture to declare, that I am far from thinking that the Anglo-Saxons received either the name of these rivers, or their word DUN ADUN, (which is evidently our word DOWN, ADOWN, differently fpelled,) in any manner from the British language? And as for Duffen, (from which, with Camden, I think the words proceeded,} we have it in our own language the Anglo-Saxon, and with the fame meaning of funk, depreffum, deep, or low.

66

" If,

"If, with Camden, we can fuppofe the Anglo-Saxon Dun to have proceeded through the gradations of

Dufen { Duven, Duvn, Dun, Don, Down.

Daven, Davn, Dan.

"I fhould think it more natural to derive both the name of the rivers and the prepofition from DUFEN, the past participle of the Anglo-Saxon verb DUFIAN, mergere, to fink, to plunge, to dive, to dip. And the ufual prefix to the Anglo-Saxon participles, A, in ADUN, ftrongly favours the fuppofition. In moft of the paffages too, in which the prepofition or adverb DOWN is ufed in English, the fense of this participle is clearly expreffed; and, without the leaft ftraining or twisting, the acknowledged participle may be put inlead of the fuppofed prepofition: although there may, perhaps, be fome paffages in which the prepofition DOWN is ufed, where the meaning of the participle may not fo plainly appear." Pp. 445-450.

UPON, UP, OVER, BOVE, ABOVE, have all one common origin and fignification, the Saxon ufon, ufan, ufa. We think Mr. Tooke might have derived thefe from up, a word common in Thwaite's Heptateuch, and, as f and p approximate each other in found, up would have been clearer and more fimple to an English reader, though we know that the comparative and fuperlative degrees are written with an f, yet as ufera, ufematft, up, upper, upmoft; BOVE, is be-up, or ufa; ABOVE, is on-be-up, or on-be-ufa. We fhall take this opportunity of fhewing the fimilarity of the northern languages, efpecially as they exemplify the meaning of these particles.

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"You will not expect me to waste a word on the prepofitions touching, concerning, regarding, refpelling, relating to, Javing, except, excepting, according to, granting, allowing, confidering, notwithstanding, neighbouring, &c. nor yet on the compound prepofitions In-to, Un-to, Un-til, Out-of, Through-out, From-off, &c."

P. 455.

Relative to adverbs Mr. Tooke tranflates the obfervation of Servius "Omnis pars orationis, quando definit effe quod eft,

migrat in adverbium." Every word, when a grammarian knows not what to make of it, he calls an adverb. The moft prolific branch of this family are the words terminating in ly, fynonymous with like, as goodly, goodlike. He then proceeds to a different clafs, and begins with

ADRIFT, which he ftates to be the past participle, (we believe that Mr. Tooke, if ever he favours the public with his obfervations on the English verb, will difcard participles as well as gerunds,) adrifed, adrif'd, adrift, from the Anglo-Saxon drifan, adrifan, to drive.

AGHAST, Mr. Tooke fays, may be the paft participle agazed, but, as he obferves, that this word always denotes a confiderable degree of terror, which is not denoted by the verb, to gaze, for we may gaze with delight, with wonder, with admiration, we fuggeft whether it may not more probably be derived from a ghaft (Saxon) a ghost, astounded as by a ghoft.

AGO, GO, Y GO, GON, AGON, GONE, AGONE, are all ufed indifcriminately by our old English writers as the past

participle of the verb to go, and he illuftrates this by numerous authorities.

ASUNDER is afundren, or afondrian, (Saxon,) feparated as particles of fand are.

ASTRAY is from straw, (Saxon,) ftrewed or scattered as straw, and for this Mr. T. quotes "reaping where thou has not fown, and gathering where thou has not ftrawed." Matt.

XXV. 24.

ATWIST is the Saxon atwifted, twifted from twa, twi, two, (hence twine).

ASKEW is from the Danish skiew, wry, crooked.

ASKANT, ASKANCE, from the Dutch fchuin, of like import, oblique, &c.

We referve our farther obfervations on the adverbs, and remarks on Mr. Tooke's politics, for a future number.

(To be continued.)

ART. III. Specimens and Parts; containing a Hiftory of the County of Kent, and a Differtation on the Laws, from the Reign of Edward the Confeffor to Edward the First; of a Topographical, Commercial, Civil, and Nautical Hiftory of South Britain, with its gradual and comparative Progress in

Trade,

Trade, Arts, Polity, Population, and Shipping, from authentic Documents. By Samuel Henfhall, Clerk, M. A. Fellow of Brazen-Nofe College, Oxford. 4to. Pp. 175. Price 10s. 6d. Faulder, Bond Street; Rivingtons, St. Paul's Church Yard, London. 1798.

HIS ample title promifes a performance of no ordinary

THIS

plan and purpose:

:

"To collect information and convey instruction," he tells us, in his profpectus," to investigate the pureft fources of knowledge, arrange his materials in luminous order and regular fyftem, and thence render himself clear and accurate; to detail the authority on which each record is framed, and thereby afcertain its credit with precifion; and to abhor fiction, and boldly and uniformly deliver truth with fimplicity and fincerity, appear the proper object and duty of an hiftorian. To fuch ends are our views directed, and by fuch principles fhall our narrative be regulated. The evidence on which this hiftory will principally depend, for proving its statements at an early period, may properly, perhaps, be termed internal. It will be extracted from authentic documents, the celebrated Autograph of Domefday, the Foedera of Rymer, the Anglo-Saxonic and Norman Laws, the National Records, the Rolls of Parliament, Journals, Statutes, &c. &c. By the liberal and judicious patronage of his Majefty and both Houfes of Parliament, a great part of this valuable information has been prefented to the public from the prefs; fome lodged in public libraries for the advantage of the ftudent; and the whole is known and more generally confulted than at any former When fuch opportunities are afforded, fuch advantages pre fented, it may appear strange that the annals and fentiments of ignorant and bigotted chroniclers or monks,* fhould have chiefly occupied the attention of English historians. It is our defign to reject every thing that comes in a queftionable fhape, our wish to tranfinit facts, not opinions. But, to proceed to our plan:-This hiftory will be comparative and progreffive, will confift of fix grand parts or divifions, each containing feveral chapters or differtations on different fubjects. The firft divifion or period will contain the prefumed ftate of the nation, on the fubjects we treat upon, in the reigns of Edward the Confeffor, William, and the fucceeding Mo

æra.

"We place not implicit confidence in ecclefiaftical charters, fince we are certain that many Latin ones.were forged, to efcape the rapacity of the Normans, who could not read the Saxon records. Vide Hickefii Thefaur. paffim."-As Reviewers, we think ourselves bound to fuggeft, that this declaration, thus repeated from Hickes, is more large than true, and that Hickes's reafonings on the point fail at times.

NO. XI, VOL. III.

C

narchs,

narchs, previous to the first Parliament fummoned in 1265, affembled probably in 1295. Here our foundation must be established, and we wish to procure every article that can render it compact, folid, and irremoveable. But though our firft æra will occupy two quarto volumes, one comprizing a Topographical Defcription of South Britain, the other its Civil Hiftory, no other diftinctive period will extend beyond half a volume, till we arrive at the eighteenth century, if Providence permits fo diftant a continuation. It is prefumed that nine fimilar numbers will complete our firft æra; for in fubfequent fafciculos, published every three months, the topographi cal and historical defcription of two, or occafionally three or more, counties will be given. It is the wish of the author to continue his maps on a fimilar plan with the fpecimen exhibited; but, if the work meets not with encouragement from the public, he certainly muft decline the heavy expence of engraving, abridge his topogra-. phical defcriptions, and comprefs his arranged matter. To afcertain this queftion, he will naturally calculate the number of copies fold previous to the continuation of this work, or the number of fubfcribers who please to tranfmit their names to Mr. Faulder, Bond Street, as patrons of a fimilar continuation for the counties of Surrey and Suffex, including an hiftorical differtation on Ranks and Services' during the fame period, or any other of the eight fubfequent numbers. Our next divifion will extend to the æra generally afcribed to modern hiftory, the conclufion of the reign of the feventh Henry. In this and every fubfequent divifion, our differtations will particularly fpecify the certain advances in each department, fince the preceding statement. The fixteenth and feventeenth centuries, terminated nearly with the lives of Elizabeth and William the Third, fupply us with proper opportunities for other divifions of our hiftory, and a retrofpective and comparative view of our progress in trade, arts, polity, population, and fhipping. The prefent century furnishes fuch extenfive materials in commerce and science, exhibits fuch aftonishing proofs, even of a quadruple increase in our imports and exports, our revenue and fhipping, our elegant accommodations with the luxurious means of indulgence, and fuch extent of refinement and prefumed civilization, as at leaft approximates to a frivolity of manners, that we fhall pause and retrace our fituation at the clofe of the reign of George the Second, according to our established arrangement. The fixth part or divifion will comprehend our farther general progrefs, comparative advance, and unexampled extent of commerce, delicacy, and riches, and will conclude with the eighteenth century, in the important reign of a mild, merciful, and beloved Prince, the patron of arts, navigation, and science, the father of his country." Pp. ii.-V.

This

"To applaud Princes, at the prefent moment, is hazardous and un-patriotic; but when any Citizen fhall have proved, that George

the

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