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(who are intermarried), the Shaws and the Hunnewells, all being in the very front rank of Boston's social and financial leadership. But

a still more interesting fact is the way this ownership is hooked up with the most colossal Interests in the country and Those that Control. As thus:

According to the report of the Pujo Committee, the greatest financial Power in the United States is a group of financiers comprising in New York the Morgan House and its allies; in Boston the firm of Lee, Higginson & Co., the National Shawmut Bank, the Old Colony Trust Company and its allies; and in Chicago the Continental and Commercial Bank and its allies. The testimony of one expert shows that this group already owns and controls more than thirty-seven billion dollars of the total national wealth of one hundred and twelve billions, and whoever wishes to see the astounding ramifications of its Power has but to turn to No. 3 among the illuminating charts prepared by the committee.

Interlocking directorates and other connections weld Calumet and Hecla to this gigantic force.

Through the Higginsons it is hitched to Lee, Higginson & Co., the Boston & Lowell Railroad

(New Haven-Morgan), Merchants' National Bank, and others.

Through Walter Hunnewell to the Old Colony Trust Company, the Webster and Atlas National Bank, the Massachusetts Electric Companies, and others.

Through Rodolphe L. Agassiz to the State Street Trust, American Trust, United Zinc and Chemical and New England Exploration Companies, Walter Baker & Co., and others.

Through Mr. Shaw with various manufacturing, mining and financial interests.

Through Lee, Higginson & Co. the wire runs to the General Electric, United States Steel, the Traction Trust, the Pennsylvania, Southern and many other powerful railroads and to the house of J. P. Morgan & Co., center of all these vast enterprises and of the Interests that Control.

These Interests long ago declared war on the Labor Union.

In most of the great industries they control, United States Steel, International Harvester, Pullman Company, and many others, the unions have been driven out by bitter warfare. In others, like the Colorado Fuel & Iron, the Pennsylvania Railroad and the like, incessant attacks are made on labor organizations. By

this power in the last two years the unions have been crushed in the shops of the Union and Southern Pacific and the Illinois Central. The elder Morgan himself gave the keynote to the long, ruthless, relentless campaign, and his associates in the Group have one and all been imbued with the feeling of the feud.

Now kindly note:

In the Copper Barony of the Upper Peninsula copper is everything; there are almost no other products. The whole region lives upon 'copper and Calumet and Hecla absolutely dominates the copper business. Well, what would you expect? The copper companies became in time the supreme authority. They owned or controlled the press and the politicians, dominated the parties and filled every public office with men of their choosing. They ruled all the banks, and the banks, in turn, with unquestioned sway, ruled the tradesmen. They controlled the churches and spoke through priests and preachers. They controlled the legal profession because they held all the avenues to professional success or political distinction. Geographically the region was in the United States; otherwise it was an independent satrapy. Whatever the copper companies wanted, that was the real law of the district. Upon

the affairs of all Michigan the Copper hand was laid. Constitutions of the nation and the

state were but nominal things in the Copper Country, which, remote, isolated and unobserved, was governed by the companies much as Napoleon governed Elba.

The miners whose toil produced the enormous dividends, fat salaries and colossal Power of the Calumet and Hecla were ill-paid and illtreated, often badly housed in the company's dwellings, subjected to long hours and dangerous conditions of labor. For years they had been unorganized. In 1911 they joined the Western Federation of Labor, and on July 23, 1913, after vainly attempting to induce the companies to consider their grievances, they struck for better working conditions.

The men behind the Controlling Interests hated all labor unions, but most they hated the Western Federation of Miners. Old, bitter

conflicts in Colorado and elsewhere, stained with blood and a civil war, burned still in their minds. They had tried to crush the Federation and had failed. Any kind of a labor organization was repugnant because it would threaten the peaceful autocracy of the Barony, but of all organizations the Western Federation was the worst.

This is the heart of the whole trouble at

Calumet. The mine managers have since admitted that they would have granted, in whole or in part, other demands of their employees, but they were determined not to tolerate the union.

Here was a pitched battle between Organized Labor and the Controlling Interests.

Great strikes are decided by public opinion; public opinion is determined by press dispatches; public opinion is always against strikers that are believed to be disorderly, violent and lawless.

The surest way for employers to win a strike is to cause public opinion to believe that strikers are disorderly, violent and lawless.

Most of the accounts of any strike outside your own city are conveyed to you through an institution called the Associated Press.

About 900 daily newspapers in the United States, comprising the great majority of the journals of influence and circulation, receive and print the news dispatches of the Associated Press.

This means that concerning any event of importance an identical dispatch is printed about 15,000,000 times and may be read by 30,000,000 persons.

According to the construction and wording

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