released. No warrant was issued for his arrest, no charge was made against him, no proceedings of any kind were had.

There are sheafs of such affidavits, relating the manner in which the armed guards proceeded to obey the orders to " start something." The result of their efforts to obey their orders was a reign of terror throughout the strike zone. Men, women and children were shot at, beaten, ridden down by armed guards, or pursued along the highways. At the road intersections shacks were erected from the windows of which the guards could command every house in a village and the inmates could not stir out of their dwellings except under the watchful eyes of the gunmen and the muzzles of rifles.

Often the miners were foreigners. The manifest intention was to frighten them with a show of authority.

The miners asked for an eight-hour day, a minimum wage for workers below the surface of $3 a day, an advance of 35 cents a day for workers above the surface, the concession that two men might be employed upon a drill and that there might be recognition of the union.

Their work day had been of ten and eleven hours, for an average daily wage of $2.35 for men under the surface, who were also exposed to the grave dangers that resulted from the rule that but one man should be employed on a drill.

The concessions now made were a nine-hour day, or its equivalent, and some increase of pay for the men under the surface, but nothing for the surface workers. But even these concessions were limited to men that would abjure the union and surrender their cards therein.

As soon as the limelight of public attention was turned upon this strike by outside investigation the company could hardly do anything else but make concessions. A comparison, for instance, between the huge profits of this overswollen concern and the earnings of its workmen would look exceedingly ill in the public prints. Also a comparison between the elegant houses in Brookline and Commonwealth Avenue and the miserable shacks that are provided by this com

pany for the inhabitation of its workers; also between the emoluments of the directors, whose sole toil consists of declaring the 400 per cent. dividends, and the incomes of the men that at the risk of their lives produce these charming aggregations of wealth. But so long as concessions, whether real or imaginary, were coupled with the condition that the men must give up their union, which was their only possible protection against the greed and rapacity of their employers, the talk of compromise was perfectly idle.

It was not alone for a few cents a day the men struck, but that they might feel that something stood between them and the tremendous power holding their living in its hands.

Possibly, also, an additional reason why the Calumet and Hecla was shy about publicity was that it did not care to have too much attention paid to this matter of the title to its domain.

Whenever this point is raised, as it was by Secretary of Labor Wilson in his speech at Seattle, it is bluffed off by reference to a case once decided by the Supreme Court of Michigan, in which the validity of the company's title was upheld. But this decision covered another matter and on the real point at issue no court has ever ruled. For the fact is that the origi

nal grant, made to a canal company, contained a provision that if mineral should be discovered the land should revert to the government, and as many millions of dollars worth of mineral has since been discovered there and utilized for the making of Back Bay fortunes the question is whether those fortunes do not really belong to the people of the United States and not to the gracious precincts of the Back Bay.

At all events a Commissioner of the Federal Land Office has held that the land now claimed by the Calumet and Hecla really belongs to the government, and on exactly the same grounds the government is now engaged in recovering oil lands grabbed off by the Southern Pacific.

THE ASSOCIATED PRESS.

CALUMET, Mich., Dec. 11. Guerilla warfare, which raged in the South Range district of the copper miners' strike zone, was ended to-day, when a force of deputy sheriffs invaded several towns there and

made 39 arrests. The only person injured was Timothy Driscoll, a deputy sheriff, who was shot and seriously wounded when he and other officers attempted to force an entrance into a union hall.

The trouble this morning centered around the hall of the Western Feder

THE AFFIDAVITS.

A mob composed chiefly of the gentlemen of the Citizens' Alliance gathered in Houghton, and went by special train to South Range. There the mob attacked the hall of the South Range branch of the Western Federation of Miners, broke down the door, smashed all the furniture, seized all the books, papers and records, and destroyed several thousand relief coupons that had been prepared for the miners' families. Henry Koski, the secretary of the branch, lived over the hall. When