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Stare, to stand

VOCABULARY.

certo, certain, certainly
cavaliere, a knight, gentleman
ammirare, to admire
vivacità, vivacity
prontezza, promptitude
pure, however

compire, to finish, complete
ancóra, yet
anno, a year
nono, ninth
età, age
vecchio, old

presenza, presence
questo, this

principino, a young prince
quando, when
fanciullo, a child
ténero,-a, tender
loro, their

tanto, so much, so great
ingegno, genius, natural ability
diventare, to become
poi, then

maturo,-a, mature
stupido, stupid
allora, then
ciò, that
vero,-a, true

bisognáre, to be necessary. bisogna ch' abbiáte, you must have

fanciullezza, childhood

Che rispondéssi, that I might eccellente, excellent

answer

che rispondéssi, that thou mightst answer rispondésse, that he might

che

anewer

che rispondéssimo,

might answer

dovére, to be obliged, owe, have to

that we

rè, a king duo,-e, two ora, an hour doppo, after

che rispondéste, that you might

answer

che rispondéssere, that they might answer

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mezzo, middle, mid dì, a day entrare, to enter mandare, to send senato, the senate deputato, a deputy

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complire, to compliment magno, great

grande, great

súbito, sudden, suddenly

ammutire, to be dumb
senza, without
più, more

profferire, to utter
alcuno, any
paróla, word

notáre, to observe
giorno, a day
mangidre, to eat
si, yes

pranzare, to dine digiúno, hungry

verso, towards palazzo, a palace dove, where

apparecchiare, to prepare sontuoso, sumptuous

pranzo, a dinner pittore, a painter

mostráre, to show

cattivo, wretched, bad

quadro, a picture grido, renown

pregiarsi, to boast, pique one's self

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Dovendo un rè a due ore doppo mezzo dì entrár in una città, gli furono mandáti dal senáto certi deputati per fargli compliménto. Colúi al quale toccáva di complíre, disse, Alessandro Magno, il Grand' Alessandro; e súbito s' ammuti senza potér più proferír alcúna paróla; il che avendo notato il rè, chi in quel giorno non aveva ancóra mangiato, gli disse: Sì amico, Alessandro Magno aveva pranzáto, e io son ancor digiúno: é ciò detto sen't andò verso il palazzo del senáto dove gli era stato apparecchiato un sontuosíssimo pranzo.

Un pittóre mostrándo un cattivo quadro in presenza di molti pittori di gran grido, si pregiava d'avérlo finito in pochissimo tempo, il che senténdo Apelle, gli disse piacevolménte: Non occórre che tu ci dica d'avérlo finito in poco tempo, che'l quadro medésimo lo dice à bastanza da per se.

* The superlative of eccelente, formed, according to the ordinary rule, by adding issimo to the last consonant of the positive.

+ For se ne.

LESSONS IN SPANISH.-No. V.

POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS.

THE possessive pronouns are mio, my; tuyo, thy; suyo, his, her, its, or their; nuestro, our; vuestro, your. They are declined in the following paradigm:

Singular.

Plural.

Masc.

Fem.

Masc.

Fem.

Mio

mia

Mios

mias

Tuyo

tuya

Tuyos

Suyo

suya

Buyos

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tuyas suyas nuestras vuestras

The possessive pronouns mio, tuyo, and suyo, with their feminines, drop their last syllable when they precede the noun to which they belong; as,

Mi padre, mi madre, my father, my mother.

Tu hijo, tu hija, thy son, thy daughter.

Su hermano, su hermana, his brother, his sister.

Mis tios, mis tias, my uncles, my aunts.

Sus caballos, his (her or their) horses.

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in Spanish when any member or part of the human body is
Instead of the personal pronouns, the definite article is used
described as being acted upon, or as being in a certain state,
in such a manner as to make it evident that it refers to the
person himself to whom the member or part belongs; as,
El la tomó por la mano, he took her by her (the) hand.
Ella levantó los ojos, she raised her (the) eyes.

El publicano hería el pecho, the publican was-smiting his
(the) breast.

If, however, any member or part of the human body, or parts of dress, be described as acting, or the object of an action, and the article alone would not leave it evident to whom such member or part belongs, then (instead of a possessive pronoun) a personal pronoun and the definite article are both used; as,

Et le tocó la mano, he touched the hand to-him.
La mano le tiembla, the hand to-him trembles.
El te tomó las botas, he to-thee took the boots.

In these examples the learner will perceive that in English the possessive pronoun alone would have been used; thus,

If mio, tuyo, or suyo come after the noun to which they he touched his hand; his hand trembles; he took thy boots. belong, the last syllable is retained; as,

¡ Padre mio! ¡madre mia! my father! my mother! Este libro es suyo, this book is his (or hers, or theirs). Esta gallina es suya, this hen is his (or hers, or theirs). Estos libros son suyos, these books are his (or hers, or theirs). The possessive pronouns agree in gender and number with the object possessed, and not with the person or thing possessing. Thus, su libro may mean-his book, her book, or their book; sus libros may meana-his books, her books, or their books. If we are speaking of a woman, and wish to say, "this hen is hers," it would be in Spanish, esta gallina es suya; if we wish to say, "this horse is hers," it would be, este caballo es suyo; if we wish to say, "these houses are hers," it would be, estas casas son suyas; and "these oxen are hers," would be, estos bueyes son suyos. Instead of "hers," the possessive pronoun in each of these sentences, without any alteration, might be rendered "his," if we were speaking of a male person. This is a very important rule, and should be remembered, since it is so unlike the English rule for the agreement of possessive pronouns.

The context will generally show whether suyo should be rendered-his, her, or their: otherwise, to prevent ambiguity, de él, of him; de ella, of her; de ellos, of them (masc.), de ellas, of them (fem.), etc., are added; as,

Este libro es suyo de él, this book is his.
Este libro es suyo de ella, this book is hers.
Estos libros son suyos de vmd., these book are yours.
Estos libros son suyos de ellas, these books are theirs (fem.).
The absolute possessive pronouns, mine, thine, his own,
her own, its own, ours, yours, theirs, are formed by placing
the definite article before the possessive pronouns; thus, el
mio, la mia, los mios, las mias, mine; el nuestro, la nuestra, los
nuestros, las nuestras, ours; as,

Su hermano y el mio, his brother and mine.
Tu madre y la mia, thy mother and mine.
Vuestras hermanas y las mias, your sisters and mine.

Sus cabellos y los nuestros, his (her or their) horses and ours.

If a verb which indicates possession come before the pronoun, the article is omitted; as,

Este hombre es sobrino mio y suyo de ella, this man is my nephew and hers.

When in English the preposition of comes before the absolute possessive pronoun, as in such phrases as, "a horse of

It has already been mentioned that in ordinary conversation vmd. (usted) and vmds. (ustedes) are used instead of the second person tu and vosotros; and that vmd. being of the third person, requires its possessive pronouns to be of the third person

also, though rendered in English by the second person; as,

¿Está vmd. bueno? ¿como va su salud? are you well? how is your health?

Está vmd. buena? ¿como va su salud? are you well? how is your health? Yo iba a su casa para hacerle una visita, I was going to your house to pay you a visit.

These examples, rendered into English literally, would be, "Is your worship well? how is his health?" "Is your (her) worship well? how is her health?" "I was going to his (or her) house to make him (or her) a visit."

To prevent ambiguity, emd, or vmds. (your worship or your worships) is often used in addition to the possessive pronoun, or the definite article; as, Yo le doy á vmd. muchas gracias, I to him give to your worship many thanks; that is, I give you many thanks. Sus or los hijos de vmd., señor, son amables, his or the sons of your worship, sir, are amiable; that is, your sons, sir, are amiable. Mis hijas y las suyas de rmd. son jóvenes, my daughters and yours (his of your worship) are

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SPANISH-ENGLISH.

Mis amigos hallaron un tesoro en el camino. Un amigo info halló un sombrero. Tu hijo vió un libro en la calle. El juez habló á sus amigos. Mi madre tiene hambre. Su criado tiene sed. Su hija tiene tres cucharas. Todos mis libros son tuyos. Yo voy á su casa. Nuestras criadas son culpables. El libro es mio. La cuchara es tuya. Los sombreros son nuestros. Mi padre me vió. Las casas son suyas de él. Los caballos son suyos de ella. Las cucharas son suyas de ellos. Las casas son mias.

Tu madre y la mia tienen prudéncia. Tus hermanos y los mios son muy pobres. Sus hermanas y las nuestras son sobérbias. Pedro es sobrino mio y suyo de ella. El médico es amigo mio y suyo de él. Una criada mia halló un sombrero en la calle. El dió el libro á un amigo nuestro. El levantó las manos. Ella levantó los ojos. Pedro levantó la cabeza. El criado tiene un sombrero en la mano. Ella le tomó por la El la tomó por la mano. La cabeza me duele. Te duele la cabeza. La cabeza les duele. Me duele la garganta. La cabeza nos duele. La garganta le duele. La garganta les duele. El pintor le tomó el sombrero, y fué á casa del mé dico. La muger les tomó los sombreros. Mi sobrino levantó la cabeza.

mano.

Vmd, tiene su dinero. La muger tiene su libro. Vmd. escribió algunas cartas á sus amigos. Vms. dieron tres libros á sus criadas. El médico le dió á vmd. muchos libros. Su

hijo de vmd. es muy amable. Sus hijas de vmdes. son muy hermosas. Las casas son suyas de V. Los caballos son suyos de VV. Sus hermanas de Vd. son amabilísimas. Sus libros de Vms. son buenos. Vm. halló su dinero.

ENGLISH-SPANISH.

My friend is rich. My mother is poor. My friends found a treasure in the road. Thy sister saw a book in the street. A friend of mine found a hat. The physician spoke to his friends. My brother is hungry. His horse is strong, All my books are thine. His female-servant is thirsty. I amgoing to his (or her) house. Our female-servants are talkative. This book is mine. The spoon is thine. The thats are mine. The houses are mine. The books are ours. My father saw me. The houses are his (suyas de él). The spoons are hers. The horses are theirs.

Thy house and mine (la mia) are beautiful. Thy mother and mine have prudence. Thy brothers and mine are very poor. Thy sisters and ours are proud. Peter is (a) nephew of mine and hers. The painter is a friend of mine and his. A female-servant of mine found a hat in the street. He gave the book to a friend of ours. She raised her hands. He raised his eyes. Peter raised his head. She raised her eyes. the male-servant has a hat on (en) his (la) head. He took her by her hand. She took him by his hand. My head aches (the head to-me aches). Thy head aches (to-thee aches the head). His head aches. Peter's head aches. My throat pains me. Thy throat is sore (duele). The physician took his hat, and went to (the) house of the painter. The women took their

hats.

[In the remaining exercises, when the second person (you or your) occurs, it is to be rendered by vmd. and its objective cases and possessive pronouns; thus, You found your book, vmd. halló su libro, literally, your-worship found his book. So, John gave the book to you, Juan le dió el libro, or Juan le dió á vmd. el libro, literally, John gave the book to him, i. e. to your-worship.]

The painter has your book. You have your money. You wrote letters to your friends. You gave a book to your father. You (plur.) gave to your male-servants two silver spoons. The physician gave you (to-him gave to your-worship) many books. Your son is very amiable. Your daughters are very beautiful. The houses are yours (suyas de vmd.). The horses are yours. The oxen are you:s. The painter gave you three hats. Your sons are proud. Your sisters are most amiable. You have not your money. The woman has not your book. You wrote not letters to your friends. Your father is rich.

That is, "his son of your-worship," su hijo de vmd.

FRENCH READING S.-No. XXVIII. LA VIERGE AUX RUINES.

SECTION I.

LE 24 jullet 1794, à quatre heures du matin, une charrette quittait lentement la ville d'Arras,' conduite par un roulier et escortée par quatre gendarmes. Elle renfermait cinq prisonniers. Cette triste caravane partit de la maison commune, se dirigeant sur Cambrai, où siégeait un tribunal revolutionnaire.

Ces prisonniers avaient été liés fortement de grosses cordes.5 L'un était un fermier du prince de Vaudemont, accusé d'avoir favorisé l'évasion d'un aristocrate, car on appelait crime, alors, l'action de soustraire au bourreau une proie innocente. L'autre était un vénérable vieillard aux longs cheveux blancs, depuis longtemps curé d'un village aux environs d'Arras; la révolution l'avait surpris enseignant la vertu et la paixs à ses paroissiens. Il venait d'être dénoncé et arrêté comme prêchant la révolte. Les trois autres captifs étaient des sœurs hospitalières d'Arras,1o accusées d'aristocratie, elles qui avaient fait vou d'humilité. Le vieux prêtre récitait à demi voix le triste psaumell de Miserere,' et les sœurs répondaient les versets.12

dans l'air, s'empourpraient des premiers feux du soleil,13 Le jour commençait à poindre. De légers nuages flottant tandis que du côté de l'occident, encore dans la nuit, les étoiles semblaient ranimer leurs feux pour lutter avoc la clarté naissante ; mais peu à peu elles pâlirent et semblèrent s'enfoncer dans l'azur du ciel. Les oiseaux, hors de leurs nids, commençaient leurs chansons matinales, et annonçaient le réveil de la nature.

A ce magnifique spectacle, le dernier peut-être qu'ils dussent voir, les prissonniers devinrent silencieux, ils admirerent la grandeur de la divinité, et des larmes coulèrent à travers leurs paupières.

nous un regard compatissant," dit le vieux prêtre, élevons -Dieu, le créateur de ces merveilles, jette peut-être sur nos âmes vers lui; et d'une voix grave et solennelle il se mith à prier.

En ce moment, un des gendarmes cria au roulier de presser le pas,18 et les chevaux prirent, sous le fouet de leur maître, une allure assez décidée. Quatre heures apres, ils arrivaient à Cambrai1 et se dirigeaient vers la prison de la ville.

Dès le matin, l'accusateur publici nommée Cambrière, dressait, à la geôle, la liste de ceux qui devaient ce jour-là être appelés au tribunal révolutionnaire.20 En cet instant, la charette entra et deux porte-clefs commencèrent à en descendre le vieux prêtre qui s'appelait Jacques Béranger,21 et le déposèrent dans un coin du préau. Ils détachaient déjà une des sœurs,22 lorsque le geôlier survint, et s'écria: -Mais, citoyen Cambrière, je n'ai plus de place pour loger ces aristocrates !23

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Et sur un signe, les porte-clefs abandonnèrent la voiture, qui se rendit aux lieux où Cambrière et Lebon tenaient leurs audiences: le vieux prêtre fut oublié dans la cour.2 Et celui-là! dit un des geôliers;3 le citoyen Cambrière pas son compte.

n'aura

-Bah! reprit un autre, il sera sans doute pour demain ;4 il en a assez pour aujourd'hui.

Jacques Béranger fut enfermé dans un cachots avec vingt autres prisonniers, tandis que le fermier et ses compagnes de voyage étaient conduits au tribunal, et une heure après, la même charrette les conduisait à la guillotine, dressée sur la place d'armes

Le lendemain, les citoyens Cambrière et Lebon ne devaient pas siéger au tribunal révolutionnaire. Le surlendemain, ils allaient reprendre leurs terribles fonctions, lorsqu'on reçut la nouvelles de l'événement du 9 thermidor qui frappait Robespierre, anéantissait le pouvoir de ses séides, et les menaçait de cet échafaud, sur lequel ils avaient faite périr tant de victimes. Les rues de Cambrai retentirent de cris d'allégresse ;10 une partie du peuple se porta sur la place d'armes et renversa cette guillotine rougie de tant de sang," tandis que l'autre courut à la prison,12 en enfonça les portes, délivra les prisonniers et les porta en triomphe.13 Quelle joie pour ces malheureux qui se croyaient voués à la mort, et qui voyaient s'ouvrir devant eux les portes de la liberté !-Chacun parmi la foule, trouvait un parent, un ami, un frère, une épouse ; c'étaient des embrassements, des rires et des larmes. Jacques Béranger, le bon prêtre, bien qu'il fût un des derniers à quitter la prison de Cambrai, avait cependant hâte de retourner à Arras, où étaient restées deux jeunes filles, ses nièces.17 Aussi prit-il d'un pas pressé le chemin de sa modeste demeure.18 Il marchait en remerciant Dieu de sa bonté infinie, lorsqu'il vit une voiture19 dont le conducteur abreuvait les cheveux à une fontaine, près du

chemin.

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NOTES AND REFERENCES.-a. L. part ii., § 9, R. (6).—b. L. S. 45, R. 2.—c. from conduire; L. part ii., p. 82. d. L. S. 34, R. 5.- -e. L. S. 98, R. 7.-f. courent les champs, are free.-g. L. S. 93, R. 6.—h. L. S. 89, R, 3.

2

SECTION III.

Dans une pauvre chambre, sous le toft, étaient assises deux jeunes filles' travaillant. Une lampe de terre éclairait cette triste demeure, qui n'avait d'autres meubles qu'un lit vermoulu, une table et deux ou trois chaises. Les deux jeunes filles cousaient en silence. Jeanne l'ainée, la tête baissée, laissait tomber quelques larmes sur ses mains blanches et maigres.3 Marguerite, la plus jeune, la regardait à lab dérobée, et semblait faire effort pour retenir sa douleur; enfin, ne pouvant plus la contenir, elle laissa sortir de sa poitrine un long gémissement. Jeanne, ayant levé les yeux sur sa sœur, lui dit en la contemplant avec tendresse :

Marguerite, tu sais le précepte de notre bon oncle :5 Dieu est le maître: ce qu'il fait est bien fait.

Puis elle se tut, et toutes deux continuèrent à travailler. -Pauvre oncle! reprit Marguerite, où est-il maintenant ? peut-être est-il mort.

-Oh: ne dis pas cela, reprit Jeanne, cette pensée me fait peur; et pourtant, dans la détresse où nous sommes, ne vaudrait-ils pas mieux qu'il fût au ciel? Dieu aura été clément

envers lui.

-Jeanne répondit Marguerite, Dieu a déjà pitié de nous," puisqu'il nous a envoyé du travail, alors que tant de pauvres en manquent; au moins, nous aurons du pain, et combien n'en ont pas! Oh! Dieu est bon.

-Oui, Dieu est bon, puisqu'il nous a laissées ensemble." A ces mots les deux jeunes filles se jetèrent dans les bras l'une de l'autre ;10 puis elles se remirent au travail.

En ce moment on frappa à la porte. Les deux sœurs effrayées tressaillirent12 en se serrant l'une contre l'autre ; elles s'interrogeaient du regard13 sur ce qu'il fallait faire, lorsqu'un second coup plus fort vint augmencer leur perplexité; mais une voix du dehors s'écria,

Jeanne, Marguerite, c'est moi, ouvrez donc !15 A cette voix bien connue, Marguerite s'élança pour ouvrir la porte,16 et reçut dans ses bras son bon oncle, le vénérable Jacques Béranger.

Jeanne était restée assise,17 incapable d'aucun mouvemen

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