815 Con. Examples. Rule 78.-The preposition con, with, expresses the idea of Lo dice acciocchè, non diate a society or union. me la colpa, he said it, that you may not lay the fault upon me Examples. Strignere amicizia con alcuno, to begin a friendship with some one E' uscito col servitore, he is gone mano, he walked with the Affinchè ella gli scriva, in order Venite insieme con me, come Benchè sia difficile, bisogna però | must nevertheless conAncorchè sia in età molto avanquer ourselves zata, nulladimeno gode perfetta salute, he enjoys perfect health, though in Verrò, purchè non piova, I will very advanced age come, provided it does not rain Rule 83.-The following conjunctions sometimes govern the indicative, and sometimes the subjunctive. Fino che, finchè, finattantochè, | Perchè, why Examples. Lo mio cuore non può essere in suo, finattantochè io non ho Super le rugiadose erbe, infinattantochè alquanto il sole fu alzato, colla sua compagnia diportando se n' ando, she and all the company walked leisurely upon the dewy grass until the sun was a little higher Chi te la fa, fagliele, e se tu non puoi, tienlati a mente finchè tu possa, to him who plays you a trick, play another, and if you cannot, bear it in mind until you can LESSONS IN SPANISH.-No. XXIII. OF THE PREPOSITION. THE prepositions are employed in such a variety of ways in Spanish and in English, that each one is not always to be rendered from one language to the other by the same word. Thus de is not always to be translated into English by of; nor of into Spanish always by de. The following observations will serve to show the manner in which the prepositions are to be used. "About," when it means through, is rendered by por; when it means on, by sobre; when it means within, by en; when it She went singing about the means of, by de; as, village, ella iba cantando Locke por el lugar. wrote about Christianity, Locke escribió sobre el Christianismo. They are about the palace, ellos están en el palácio. He does not talk about politics in public, no habla de política en público. "Above" is rendered by sobre; as, The bird flies above the earth, el ave vuela sobre la tierra. Rule 82.-The following conjunctions require the verb which dered by contra; as, follows them to be put in the subjunctive. "According" to is rendered by segun, and sometimes by para | of, or, with the intention of going to, it is rendered by para, as, At six dollars a bushel, a seis by de; as, At four o'clock, a las cuatro. At work, al trabajo. From childhood thou-hast known the Holy Scriptures, desde la niñez aprendiste las sagradas letras. It-is fifty miles from Vera Cruz to Jalapa, hay cincu enta millas desde Vera-Cruz á Jalapa. When did you return fromthe country? ¿cuando ha vuelto vmd. del campo? 66 Into," when it comes after the verb enter, and when it means inside of, is rendered by en; but after all verbs of motion (to enter, excepted) it is rendered by á; as, Let-us-enter into this grove, | Pour oil into the lamp, eche entremos en este bosque. vmd. aciete en la lámpara. Let-us-go into-the dining-room, vamos al comedor. "Of" is rendered by de; as, A friend of the king, un amigo del rey. "On" or upon, meaning along, is rendered by en; meaning through, by por; meaning by, it is rendered by de; and meaning in contact with the upper surface of anything, by sobre; as, Is-there danger on (or upon) | Nothing ought to be affirmed the road? hay peligro en el camino? upon mere probability, nada debe afirmarse por una mera probabilidad. Man lives not on bread alone, el hombre no vive de solo It is on (or upon) the chair, está sobre la silla. pan. Sometimes "on" is rendered by á; as, a caballo, on horseback; á pié, on foot; a bordo, on board. Upon, after the verbs, to count, rely, etc., is rendered by con; as, conto con la amisiaa de Diego, I rely upon the friendship of James. When "on in English is used before the days of the week or month, it is not rendered in Spanish; thus, ella llegó allí el sábado, she arrived there on Saturday. respect to; además de, besides; a pesar de, in spite of, notwithstanding; cerca de, near to; frente d, or en frente de, opposite; en orden á, with regard to; junto á, adjoining; por el médio de, across; durante, during. The preposition entre, between, when it comes before personal pronouns, does not govern them in the objective case in Spanish, but is followed by them in the nominative; as, entre tú y yo (and not entre ti y mi), between thee and me. Prepositions, as in English, are placed before the word which they govern. Care must be taken to distinguish the use of the same word in English, whether employed as a preposition or an adverb or conjunction. Thus in the phrases, after breakfast, before Over the window, encima de la | He-wept over the city, loro dinner, the words after and before are prepositions, and are to ventana. sobre la ciudad. "Till" is rendered by hasta; as, la muerte estaban en servidumbre toda la vida. trembles through fear, ella tiembla de temor. be rendered by despues de and antes de, respectively; while in the phrases, after I had departed, before I had dined, the words after and before are adverbs, and are to be rendered by despues que and antes que. Segun, when used before a verb in Spanish, is not a preposition, but an adverb, meaning, according as; as, segun creo, according as I-believe; segun pareció, according as it-appeared. OF THE INTERJECTION. The position of the interjection in a sentence is determined by no fixed rules, but is allowed to vary, as in English, accord The office is open till ten o'clock at night, la oficina está abierta ing as harmony and propriety may require. hasta las diez de la noche. "Under" is rendered by debajo de or bajo; as, Under the bridge, debajo del puente. "Under" is rendered by so in the following phrases, so capa de, under cover of; so color de, under colour of; so pena de, under penalty of; so pretexto de, under pretext of. "With," when meaning of, or from, or by, is rendered by de; in most other cases by con; as, To-buy without money, comprar sin dinero. Treat me without ceremony, tráteme vmd. sin ceremónia. They-cast him without the city, le echaron fuera de la ciudad. Sin in Spanish is regarded as a negative preposition, and is therefore often followed by a negative conjunction; as, Sin otro fin ni motivo, without another end or (nor) motive. There are other prepositions in Spanish, which, as they can be rendered in most cases by the corresponding English preposition, offer no difficulty to the learner. Such are para con, in The interjection ete, lo, behold, is used with the first objective case of the personal pronouns only, being joined to them and forming one word; as, ¡Hele aqui! here he is! ¡Hela aqui! here she is. ¡Helos alli! there they are! More literally these exclamations might be rendered, "see him here!" "see her here!" "behold them there!" When adjectives are employed as interjections, they are followed by the preposition de, if a noun or pronoun come after; as, Let ABC be any spherical triangle, and from the angle B draw the arc BD perpendicular to the base A C. the sides of the triangle by Represent a, b, c, and the segment AD by x; then will CD be equal to B cos. b cos. + sin. b sin. x R LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION. Formula (1) will also furnish a new test for removing the ambiguity of the solution in Case I. of oblique-angled triangles. For we have, n2 cos. α- R cos. b cos. c sin. b sin c COS. A Now if cos, a is greater than cos. b, the sign of the second member of this equation will be the same as that of cos. a. Hence cos. A and cos, a will have the same sign; or A and a will be of the same species when cos. a>cos. b, or sin. a<sin. b; that is, If the sine of the side opposite to the required angle is less than the sine of the other given side, there will be but one triangle. But if cos. a is less than cos. b, then whether the right-hand member be plus or minus will depend upon the magnitude of cos. c; or cos. c will have two values, corresponding to+cos. A cos. A; hence, and If the sine of the side opposite to the required angle is greater than the sine of the other given side, there will be two triangles. Formula (6) will furnish a test for removing the ambiguity n Case II. of oblique-angled triangles. For we have, R2 COS. AR COS. B COS. C sin. B sin, o cos. α= ; from which it follows, as in the preceding case, that if cos. A is greater than cos. B, A and a will be of the same species. But if cos. A is less than cos. B, then c may be taken so as to render cos. a positive or negative. Hence, if the sine of the angle opposite to the required side is less than the sine of the other given angle, there will be but one triangle; but if the sine of the angle opposite to the required side be greater than the sine of the other given angle, there will be two triangles. LESSONS IN READING AND ELOCUTION. THE SCHOLAR'S MISSION. 1HE wants of our time and country, the constitution of our modern society, our whole position,-personal and relative,— forbid a life of mere scholarship or literary pursuits to the great majority of those who go out from our colleges. However it may have been in other times, and other lands, here and now, but few of our educated men are privileged "From the loopholes of retreat To look upon the world, to hear the sound Of the great Babel, and not feel its stir." Society has work for us, and we must forth to do it. Full early and hastily we must gird on the manly gown, gather up the loose leaves and scanty fragments of our youthful lore, and go out among men, to act with them and for them. It is a practical age; and our Wisdom, such as it is, "must strive and cry, and utter her voice in the streets, standing in the places of the paths, crying in the chief place of concourse, at the entry of the city, and the coming in at the doors." This state of things, though not suited to the tastes and qualities of all, is not, on the whole, to be regretted by educated men as such. It is not in literary production only, or chiefly, that educated mind finds fit expression, and fulfils its mission in honour and beneficence. In the great theatre of the world's affairs, there is a worthy and a sufficient sphere. Society needs the well-trained, enlarged, and cultivated intellect of the scholar in its midst; needs it, and welcomes it, and gives it a place, or, by its own capacity, it will take a place of honour, influence, and power. The youthful scholar has no occasion to deplore the fate that is soon to tear him from his studies, and cast him into the swelling tide of life and action. None of his disciplinary and enriching culture will be lost, or useless, even there. Every hour of study, every truth he has reached, and the toilsome process by which he reached it: the heightened grace or vigour of thought or speech he has acquired,-all shall Indeed, it is not an easy thing, nay, it is not a possible thing, THE TREASURE THAT WAXETH NOT OLD. Oh! I have loved, in youth's fair vernal morn, And seek the visioned realms that poets sing,- Where streams of earthly joy exhaustless rise, And shout their raptures to the cloudless skies, Since stern experience waved her iron wand, When Disappointment mocked my wooing heart, And from forbidden pleasures loth to part, Can soothe the sorrows of the labouring breast? Be my few days with peace and friendship blessed; Encircled with a faithful few, to dwell, Beyond the reach of every human eye; To each alluring object 'neath the sky, 66 And there in peace await my hour,-in peace to die. For fainting pilgrims, on this desert way! Through snares and darkness, to the realms of day! His healing beams; each gloomy cloud dispel: |