of the association, and shall be custodian of all documents, books, and collections ordered to be preserved.

ARTICLE 7. The corresponding secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the association.

ARTICLE 8. The treasurer shall have charge of all funds, and pay out the same on the direction of the executive committee.

ARTICLE 9. The association at any regular meeting, or its executive committee in the intervals between its meetings, may appoint such local or special committees as may be deemed proper, and shall define their duties.

ARTICLE 10. The annual meeting of the association shall be in the months of August, September, or October, or at such times and places as shall be determined by a vote in general session, or by the executive committee. Special meetings may be called by the executive committee.

ARTICLE 11. At each annual meeting there shall be an election of officers for the ensuing year, and they shall remain in office until others are chosen. In cases of vacancies occurring in the intervals between the annual meetings, they may be filled by the executive committee until others are selected. In case of absence of an officer at a regular meeting his place may be deemed vacant. ARTICLE 12. The officers of states, territories, provinces, or local forestry associations, or their delegates, or the delegates of any Government, may participate in the proceedings of the association as honorary members.

ARTICLE 13. This constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting.

BY-LAWS.

1. Papers or abstracts of papers to be read must be sent two weeks before any meeting, for classification, to the corresponding secretary.

2. The following classification of subjects is adopted for the reading of

papers:

Section A. Forest planting, forest management, forestry proper, preserva

tion of forests.

Section B. Forest economy, technology and statistics.

Section C. Applied science and climatology, general topics.

3. Contributors who are present shall have the preference in reading their papers.

4. Any member shall be entitled to the privilege of using any books or documents, not of record, at the discretion of the recording secretary.

SPECIAL MEETINGS

AT

Brooklyn, New York, and in the White Mountains, New Hampshire.

By invitation of citizens of Brooklyn and of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission, the Association held meetings August 21 to 27, 1894, consecutively, in Brooklyn and in the White Mountains, conjointly with the American Association for the Advancement of Science.

The evening of August 21st was devoted to a lecture by Mr. Fernow on "The Battle of the Forest." On the following day, in the absence of the President, Rev. George W. Minier, one of the Vice-Presidents, occupied the chair. A number of persons proposed for membership in the Association were elected.

Mr. J. C. Chapais, delegate from the Province of Quebec, delivered an address on the condition of the forests in that Province.

Mr. William H. Dall, of the Smithsonian Institution, then spoke on the Forests of Alaska. His remarks were based upon personal observations made at various times during the last thirty years. Prof. J. C. Smock, State Geologist of New Jersey, read a paper on the forests of that State. He called attention to the geologic division of the State into five nearly parallel sections with corresponding forestry conditions. Much of the northern portion of the State has been to a great extent denuded, so that this section suffers from droughts and the effect of sweeping winds, seriously affecting the agricultural interests. The southern or coastal plain region has a large amount of forest, but it is mostly of a low, scrubby character, of little commercial value. Forestry in New Jersey, on account of the water supply, is of vital importance to the large and increasing population, especially in the neighborhood of Newark and of New York. The next address was by Mr. Verplanck Colvin, on the Adirondack Forests.

Mr. Fernow spoke on the Condition of our Public Timber Lands and Forest Reservations, and offered the following resolution, which was unanimously adopted:

Resolved, That the American Forestry Association desires to express again, emphatically, its approval of the efforts of the Public Lands Committee of the House of Representatives, and its chairman, the Hon. Thomas C. McRae, for the enactment of a law providing not only for the care and protection but also for the rational use of the timber and other resources in the forest reservations and on all public timber lands. The policy of reserving can hardly be considered an advantage to the forestry interests unless followed up by an intelligent and efficient administration of the reservations.

This Association emphatically denies that it advocates, in the policy of forest reservations, the unintelligent exclusion from use of large territories and the resources contained therein, but, on the contrary, it reiterates that it conceives the reservations made for the purpose of their rational use, under restrictions and control, apart from private interests, in expectation of possible occupancy. If uncared for by the rightful owner, the Government, the door is opened to greater destruction and depredation than before. We, therefore, desire to impress upon our representatives in Congress the immediate necessity of making provision for the better care of the public timber and other resources, as urged heretofore by this Association.

After the adoption of the foregoing resolution, the chairman, Mr. Minier, read a paper on Tree Planting, and the Association took a recess till afternoon.

At the afternoon session Professor A. D. Hopkins, of West Virginia, in a discussion of the Relations of Insects and Birds to Present Forest Conditions, noted the interdependence and mutual checks of animal and vegetable life under natural conditions, and pointed out as one of the effects of forest removal in certain districts of West Virginia the destructive work of the spruce insects and pine bark beetle, which afforded an unusual opportunity for the study of insect life as affecting forest growth, and the utility of birds as insect destroyers. He controverted the generally accepted belief that birds are especially useful as the destroyers of noxious. insects, taking the position that they kill as many helpful as harmful species, and hence have little influence on the problem, one way or

the other.

Professor F. H. King, of Wisconsin, in a paper on Windbreaks, gave numerous experiments to show the effectiveness of windbreaks in preventing evaporation from the soil of protected fields, and urged their great utility, especially in light soils.

Mr. John Gifford, of New Jersey, presented a paper on Forest Fires in South Jersey. After mentioning the principal causes of fires, he noted one instance of malicious incendiarism, in which 60,000 acres of timber were burned. Young timber is killed outright by these fires, and the vitality of old trees is greatly im

paired. The country has been reduced to a barren condition over large areas by repeated fires. Two hundred thousand acres of woodlands have been burned over in the last six months. A recently enacted fire law will be helpful, and a society for the prevention of forest destruction has been formed.

Mr. H. C. Hovey, of Massachusetts, in an instructive lecture, illustrated with lantern slides, on the Petrified Forests of Arizona, pointed out that these interesting and valuable remnants of former forest glory were just as rapidly and wantonly destroyed as the present forests, by grinding them into emery.

Other papers read were as follows: Western Pine Timberlands, H. C. Putnam, Wisconsin; Prevention of Forest Fires, C. C. Andrews, Minnesota; Prairie Forestry, L. H. Pammel, Iowa.

Other papers were offered, but for lack of time could only be read by title.

Thursday, August 23, was given up to an excursion by steamboat to West Point on the Hudson, by invitation of the Brooklyn committee of arrangements.

On Friday evening the Association convened for another meeting, under the auspices of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission, at Plymouth, New Hampshire. The Hon. William E. Chandler, VicePresident of the Association for New Hampshire, presided. After an address of welcome by the Hon. Geo. H. Adams, the Hon. Joseph B. Walker, of Concord, gave a very full and detailed account of the history, development, and present condition of the White Mountain region, embracing the legislation which had been obtained for the protection of the forests, and the difficulties of preventing their destruction. Mr. George H. Moses, secretary of the New Hampshire Forestry Commission, then gave a foretaste of the scenes awaiting the Association on the following days of the meeting by exhibiting some beautiful lantern slides presenting views of the mountain region.

On Saturday, August 25, by courtesy of Messrs. Henry and Sons, the Association was taken to their extensive lumber camps and sawmills in the Pemigewasset Valley. From their mills the Associa tion went to the Flume House, remaining only long enough for dinner and a visit to the "Flume," and then took carriages for the Profile House. Here, in the evening, a session was held in the spacious dining-room, and the guests of the house were invited to be present. The Hon. Mr. Chandler presided, and made an opening address, in which he spoke of the reckless methods of the lumbermen in prose

cuting their business. He then introduced Mr. George B. James, editor of the American Cultivator and president of the New Hampshire Land Company. Mr. James advocated the formation of a large association or league for the purpose of saving the mountain forests by purchase. Mr. J. R. Edmunds, representing the Appalachian Club, and Warren Higley, Esq., of New York, representing the Adirondack League Club, spoke in the same line with Mr. James. Mr. George T. Crawford, of Boston, for many years a forest surveyor, said a good word for the pulp mill owners, saying that they took only the spruce that was more than twelve inches in diameter. Mr. Fernow spoke on the different purposes served by the forests, and urged the great importance of the enactment of proper fire laws as necessary to forest preservation.

Sunday was by most members of the Association spent quietly at the Profile House, a portion, however, making an excursion to the summit of Mount Washington, which was not included in the itinerary.

son.

On Monday, August 27, the Association spent the day in going through the Crawford Notch to Glen Station. Here carriages were in waiting to convey them to Wentworth Hall, in the town of JackIn the evening another and final session was held. Mr. F. H. Appleton, of Boston, Vice-President for Massachusetts, presided. Senator Chandler again addressed the Association, some business matters were attended to, several new members were elected, and in the absence of Dr. Rothrock, who had been expected to lecture, Mr. Fernow repeated his lecture on the Battle of the Forest. The meeting then adjourned after a most enjoyable excursion, and one which gave unusual opportunity for studying the forests.

N. H. EGLESTON,

Secretary.