contrary to his former conduct in what he had said or done or failed to say or do. Is that the case here? Let us examine the facts.

The defendant drew a bill, or what would be a bill had it had a drawer's name, without a drawer's name, addressed to himself, and then wrote what was in terms an acceptance across it. In this condition, it not being a bill, it was stolen from him, filled up with a drawer's name, and transferred to the plaintiff a bona fide holder for value. It may be that no crime was committed in the filling in of the drawer's name, for the thief may have taken it to a person telling him it was given by the defendant to the thief with authority to get it filled in with a drawer's name by any person the thief pleased. This may have been believed, and the drawer's name bona fide put by such person.

I do not say such person could have recovered on the bill. I am of opinion he could not, but what I wish to point out is that the bill might be made a complete instrument without the commission of any crime in the completion. But a crime was committed in this case by the stealing of the document, and without that crime the bill could not have been complete, and no one could have been defrauded. Why is not the defendant at liberty to show this? Why is he estopped? What has he said or done contrary to the truth, or which should cause any one to believe the truth to be other than it is? Is it not a rule that every one has a right to suppose that a crime will not be committed, and to act on that belief? Where is the limit if the defendant is estopped here? Suppose he had signed a blank cheque, with no payee, or date, or amount, and it was stolen, would he be liable or accountable, not merely to his banker, the drawee, but to a holder? If so, suppose there was no stamp law, and a man simply wrote his name, and the paper was stolen from him, and somebody put a form of a cheque or bill to the signature, would the signer be liable? I can not think so. But what about the authorities? It must be admitted that the case of Young v. Grote, and the case of the bill torn in two (Ingham v. Primrose) go a long way to justify this judgment, but in all those cases, and in all the others where the alleged maker or acceptor has been held liable, he has voluntarily parted with the instrument; it has not been got from him by the commission of a crime. This undoubtedly is a distinction, and a real distinction.

The defendant here has not voluntarily put into anyone's hands the means, or part of the means, for committing a crime. But it is said he has done so through negligence. I confess I think he has been negligent, that is to say, I think if he had had this paper from a third-person as a bailee bound to keep it with ordinary care, he would not have done

BRETT and BAGGALLAY, L.JJ., concurred. Appeal allowed.

NOTE. The broad general principle applicable to forged commercial paper is, that no man can be charged save by his own act; and the universal rule is that of the two a victimized bona fide holder of such paper must suffer, rather than a. equally innocent person, whose name has been used without authority. But when a party has actually signed the instrument, the courts, in pursuance of the policy of the law merchant, which has always tended toward complete protection of innocent holders of commercial paper, are accustomed to scrutinize zealously any attempt to escape liability to a bona fide holder for value. It has been decided again and again in this country and in England, that if the instrument was executed in blank and the blanks were filled with amounts in excess of the authority given by the maker, such facts would be no defense against a holder for value without notice. Huntington v. Branch Bank, 3 Ala. 186; Moody v. Threlkeld, 13 Ga. 55; Toney v. Fisk, 10 S. & M, 590; Tumilty v. Bank of Missouri, 13 Mo. 276; Gaisson v. Fite, 1 Head, 332. But the leading case on this subject is that of Young v. Grote, cited in the above opinion. There the plaintiff left several blank checks with his wife for her use during his absence. She requested her husband's clerk to fill one of them up for the sum of fifty pounds two shillings. He did so, writing the fifty with a small letter and placing it in the middle of the line; the figures 50, 2s were also placed at a considerable distance from the printed £. In this state he showed it to her and was instructed to get the money upon it. Whereupon be inserted in the beginning of the line in which the word fifty was written, the words three hundred and, and the figure 3 between the £ and the 50. The bankers paid the £350, 2s. It was held that the loss must fall upon the plaintiff rather than upon the bankers, "on the ground that they had been misled by a want ot proper caution on the part of the customer." Isnard v. Towes, 10 La. Ann. 103, decided on the authority of this case, is exactly similar to it in principle. There the court say "that where one of two parties, neither of whom has acted dishonestly, must suffer, he must suffer who by his own act occasions the confidence and consequent injury to the oth ers." The case of Ingham v. Primrose is not so com pletely in poiut. It arose upon a bill of exchange which, after being torn into two pieces, for the purpose of cancellation, was joined together and negoti ated. The maker who had been negligent was held liable to an innocent holder for value. The court in Baxendale v. Bennett relies upon the fact that the draft was stolen; that a crime was necessary before its completion was possible, to distinguish this case from the two above mentioned. This doctrine is not in consonance with the principle of the law merchant, which gives to negotiable paper the property of passing current as cash and protects an innocent holder for value, whatever may be the invalidity of the title of the person from whom he derived his possession. In other words, title in the case of negotiable paper follows the possession of a bona fide holder for value. The importance of this quality of mercantile paper to commercial welfare is illustrated very happily by the case of Miller v. Race, 1 Sm. L. C. 736. It was a suit by an innocent holder of a bank note, which had been stolen from the mail and passed to him in the ordinary course of trade, against a clerk in the bank who refused, under the instructions of the person from whom it had been stolen, either to pay the note or to return it to the plaintiff. On Friday afternoon, after the cause had been heard, and just before the court adjourned unti! Monday, Lord Mansfield said that defendant's case had been "argued so ingeniously that (though he

had no doubt about the matter) it might be proper to look into the cases cited, in order to give a proper answer; and, therefore, the court deferred giving their opinion. But at the same time," Lord Mansfield said, "he would not wish to have it understood in the city that the court had any doubt about the point." The principle here decided is supported by Gorgier v. Mieville, 3 B. & C. 45; Grant v. Vaughn, 3 Burrow, 1516; Anonymous, 1 Ld. Raymond, 738; s. c., 1 Salk. 126. The same rule has been repeatedly announced in the American courts. Said Stites, J.. in Caruth v. Thompson, 16 B. Mon. 576: "The adoption of any other rule, or the application of the principle of caveat emptor to persons thus honestly acquiring such paper, would necessarily tend to impair confidence in that species of commercial securities and diminish greatly its usefulness for purposes of trade." Goodwise v. Gleason, Day, 12; Bond v. Central Bank, 2 Ga. 92; Faulkner v. Ware, 34 Ga. 498: Farlin v. Lovejoy, 29 Ill, 45; Jones v. Nellis, 41 Ill. 482; Glover v. Jennings. 6 Blackf. 10. From these cases it will be seen that if the draft had been in a complete state at the time it was stolen there would have been no difficulty about the plaintiff's acquiring a complete and perfect title. The doctrine of estoppel is "a convenient scarecrow," but it certainly does not enter into this case at all. It is hard to see what should invalidate this paper in the hands of an innocent holder for value. Certainly not the fact that it was stolen; that can not be maintained. Nor the fact that the blank name of the drawer was filled in without the knowledge, consent or authority of the acceptor. That is not the doctrine of Young v. Grote. The two elements of theft and unauthorized filling of the blank combined can have no more effect to vitiate the innocent holder's title than either circumstance taken singly would. The two together can not make the transaction any more distinctly in invitum than either of them alone. In view of these authorities it seems that the doctrine of this case may be considered doubtful. W. L. M., JR.

REMOVAL OF CAUSES.

TAYLOR v. ROCKEFELLER.

United States Circuit Court, Western District of Pennsylvania, June, 1878.

Before Mr. Justice STRONG.

In an

1. WHEN APPLICATION MUST BE MADE. application for removal of a cause from a state to a federal court, the petition and bond must be filed "before or at the term at which the cause could be first tried, and before the trial thereof,"

2. IT IS THE FEDERAL COURT and not the state court that has the power to adjudge whether the case is a proper one for removal under the act of Congress.

3. CITIZENS OF DIFFERENT STATES-WHEN CAUSE REMOVABLE.-Under the Act of 1875, although some of the formal or nominal plaintiffs and defendants may be citizens of the same state, still if it is shown that it is a controversy wholly between citizens of different states, and can be fully determined as between them, then it is a cause that can be removed to the federal court.

Motion to remand the case to the Common Pleas of Butler county, from which it had been removed under the act of Congress of March 3, 1875,

by Rockefeller and Flagler, two of the defendants, and citizens of the State of Ohio.

George Shiras. Jr, M. W. Acheson and John M. Miller, for the motion; R. P. Ranney, McJunkin & Campbell, Robert Woods, D. T. Watson and Hampton & Dalzell, contra.

Mr. Justice STRONG:

Three reasons are assigned in support of the motion to remand this case to the state court. They are as follows: First, that the application to remove the case into this court was not made in time. Secondly, that if the application was in time, the record discloses that the state court, in the due and orderly exercise of its own jurisdiction, has adjudged that the record and petition did not exhibit a case proper for removal under the acts of Congress, and has refused to part with its jurisdiction. And thirdly, that the record clearly shows this court can have no jurisdiction of the

case.

Of the first reason little need be said. The act of Congress of March 3d, 1875, has greatly enlarged the jurisdiction of the Circuit Courts of the United States, and enlarged correspondingly the right of removal of civil suits from the state courts. The second section of the act enacts as follows: "That any suit of a civil nature, at law, or in equity, now peading or hereafter brought in any state court where the matter in dispute exceeds, exclusive of costs, the sum or value of five hundred dollars, and arising under the constitution or laws of the United States, or treaties made, or which shall be made under their authority, or in which the United States shall be plaintiff or petitioner, or in which there shall be a controversy between citizens of different states, or a controversy between citizens of the same state, claiming lands under grants of different states, or a controversy between citizens of a state and foreign states, citizens or subjects, either party may remove said suit into the Circuit Court of the United States for the

proper district. And when in any suit mentioned in this section there shall be a controversy which is wholly between citizens of different states, and which can be fully determined, as between them, then either one or more of the plaintiff's or defendants actually interested in such controversy, may remove said suit into the Circuit Court of the United States for the proper district.”

The third section prescribes the time when such removal may be made, and the manner in which it may be effected. It enacts that either party, or any one or more of the plaintiffs or defendants entitled to r. move the suit, may make and file in the suit in the state court a petition for the removal, before or at the term at which the cause could be first tried, and before the trial thereof, together with a bond with surety, etc. It is then made the duty of the state court to accept the petition and bond, and proceed no further in the suit. The petition and bond must be filed before or at the term at which the cause could be first tried, and before the trial thereof." In this case the bill was brought to the March term, 1878, of the state court. It was filed on the 8th of February, 1878; a motion was instantly made for a receiver, and the 20th of

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February was assigned for hearing the motion. On the 18th of February the defendants entered their appearance, and moved to postpone hearing of the motion for a receiver until the 27th. This motion the court denied, but postponed the hearing one day. On the 21st of February the defendants filed a joint answer under oath, denying most of the material averments of the bill, together with affidavits. On February 25th the court appointed a receiver, and on the 5th of March, 1878, the petition for removal of the suit into this court was filed, together with the required bond. They were filed before the first term of the common pleas, subsequent to filling the bill, commenced. The recital of the facts, as they appear by the record, without more, is sufficient to show that the application for removal was made in due time.

The second reason advanced for remanding the case is equally without merit. If a proper petition and bond were filed in due season, as we have seen they were, and if the petition and record exhibited a case which the petitioners had a right to remove, it was not in the power of the state court to deny the right by any judgment it could give. The act of Congress declares that after the petition and bond are filed, the state court shall proceed no further in the suit. The petition is filed in the suit. It thus is made part of the record, and, by the act of filing, the suit is withdrawn from the jurisdiction of the state court. It may be admitted that when the petition, read in connection with the other parts of the record, does not show a case of which the circuit court has jurisdiction, the jurisdiction of the state court is not ousted. In such a case that court may proceed. It may therefore examine the petition and record, but its judgment upon the question whether a proper case appears for removal is not conclusive upon the circuit court. It is to be observed that no order of the state court for a removal is necessary; certainly none since the act of 1875. Nor is any allowance required. The allowance is made by the statute. Hence when the petition and record exhibit a case for removal, coming within the statute, all jurisdiction of the state court terminates. It has even been said every subsequent exercise of jurisdiction by that court is 'coram non judice,' null and void. Such was the language of the Supreme Court in Gordon v. Longest, 16 Pet. 97, and this declaration has been repeated in other courts. This would seem to follow from the fact that subsequent action by the state court is expressly prohibited by the act of Congress. But whether this declaration was strictly accurate when it was made, or not; whether subsequent exercise of jurisdiction by the state court was not void, but merely erroneous, it is unimportant now to consider: for plainly, since the act of 1875, the power of removal and the jurisdiction of the federal court is made independent of any action or non-action of the state court upon the application. The 5th section of the act requires the circuit court to dismiss a suit which has been removed, or remand it whenever it shall appear to its satisfaction that it does not involve a dispute or controversy properly within the urisdiction of the circuit court. A decision of the

state court, therefore, that the cause sought to be removed is one of which the circuit court has jurisdiction, can have no effect It can not force jurisdiction upon the circuit court, nor can it deny jurisdiction to it. And further, the 7th section empowers the circuit court, to which any cause shall be removable under the act, to issue a writ of certiorari to the state court commanding said court to make return of the record in any such cause, removed as aforesaid or in which any one or more of the plaintiffs or defendants have complied with the provisions of the act for the removal of the same, and enforce said writ according to law. Surely it would be no sufficient return to such a writ that the state court had decided the case was not one which could be removed, or had decided that the circuit court had no jurisdiction. So, also, it may be inferred from another provision of the act that no action of the state court can prevent or hinder the removal. A severe penalty is imposed upon the clerk of the state court who shall refuse to any one or more of the parties applying to remove a cause, a copy of the record therein, after tender of the legal fees for such copy. The copy must be furnished for filing in the circuit court to any party applying for removal, without reference to any action the state court may have taken.

For these reasons we think the refusal of the Court of Common Pleas, to allow the removal of the case into this court, is immaterial.

The third reason urged in support of the motion to remand is the most important one. If it be true indeed that the case is one of which this court has no jurisdiction, it is our duty to remand it to the court from which it has been removed. Whether we have jurisdiction or not depends both upon the citizenship of the parties and the controversy involved. What the citizenship is must be determined from the bill filed by the plaintiffs; and to the bill with its exhibit, the answer and the petition for removal, alone, can we look, for the controversy between the parties, so far as it bears upon our jurisdiction. Taylor, one of the plaintiffs, is a citizen of New York, and his co-plaintiffs, citizens of Pennsylvania. Rockefeller and Flagler, the petitioners for removal, are two of the defendants, and they are both citizens of Ohio. The other defendants sued with Rockefeller and Flagler, are citizens either of Pennsylvania or of New York. The petitioners are, therefore, citizens of a different state from those of which the plaintiffs are citizens, though some of the plaintiffs and some of the defendants are citizens of the same state, viz., Pennsylvania. Such being the citizenship, it may be admitted that, as the law was before the enactment of the act of 1875, the petitioners would have had no right to remove the cause into the circuit court, and that court would have had no jurisdiction, because each of the plaintiffs was not capable of suing each of the defendants in a Federal court. So it was ruled in Strawbridge v. Curtis, 3 Cranch, 267, when the twelfth section of the Judiciary Act of 1789 was under consideration, and this has been the constant construction of that act. Similar rulings have been made with reference to the acts of 1866 and 1867: Case of the Sewing Machine Com

paries, 18 Wall. 553; Knapp v. R. R. Co., 20 Wall. 122. Such was the general rule. It was not, however, of universal application. Even in Strawbridge v. Curtis, the court declined giving an opinion of a case where several parties represent several distinct interests, and some of the parties are, and others are not competent to sue, or liable to be sued in the courts of the United States. And the rule has often been held not to apply to merely formal parties. Thus in Wood v. Davis, 18 How. 468, it was said by the Supreme Court: "It has been repeatedly decided by this court, that formal parties, or nominal parties, or parties without interest, united with the real parties to the litigation, can not oust the Federal courts of jurisdiction if the citizenship or character of the real parties be such as to confer it." The court has gone much further. In Shields v. Barrow, 17 How. 139, speaking of parties to a bill in equity, they were described as, 1st, formal parties; 2d, necessary parties; and. 3d, "persons who not only have an interest in the controversy, but an interest of such a nature that a final decree can not be made without either affecting that interest, or leaving the controversy in such a condition that its final determination may be wholly inconsistent with equity and good conscience." Such are indispensable parties. And subsequent decisions hold that it is only when an indispensable party defendant was a citizen of the same state with the plaintiff that the jurisdiction of the Federal courts was defeated. Ober v. Gallagher, 93 U. S. 204.

But whatever may have been the doctrine held prior to the act of Congress of 1875, that act has introduced great changes of the law. The first section extends the jurisdiction of the circuit courts nearly, if not quite, as far as the second section of the third article of the Constitution authorizes, alike in regard to the subject-matter of suits, and to the citizenship of the parties. It adopts the words of the Constitution. The second section relates to the removal of suits from state courts into United States Circuit Courts, and it follows the language of the first section. Hence, any cause which might have been commenced in the circuit court, either because of its subject-matter or the citizenship of the parties, may be removed from a state court into the Federal one. The question always is whether, on account [of] the citizenship of the parties or the subject of the controversy, the Federal court has jurisdiction.

Whether, since the act of 1875, the right of removal extends to all cases in which some of the necessary or indispensable defendants are citizens of the same state with the plaintiffs, or some of them, is no doubt a very important question not yet decided. It does not, if the rule of construction applied to the judiciary act of 1789, and the acts of 1866 and 1867 is applicable to the later act. But the later act, for the first time, adopts the language of the Constitution, and seems to have been intended to confer on the circuit courts all the jurisdiction which, under the Constitution, it was in the power of Congress to bestow. Certainly the case mentioned would be a controversy between citizens of different states, and the reasons which

induced the framers of the Constitution to give jurisdiction to the Federal courts of controversies between citizens of different states, apply as strongly to it as they do to a case in which all the defendants are citizens of a state other than that in which the plaintiffs are citizens, and if that instrument is to be construed so as to carry out its intent, it would seem the question should be answered in the affirmative. However that may be, it is certain the act of 1875 confers a right to remove cases which could not have been removed under any former act. It expressly declares that when, in any suit mentioned in the second section, there shall be a controversy which is wholly between citizens of different states, and which can be fully determined as between them, then either one or more of the plaintiffs or defendants actually interested in such controversy, may remove said suit into the circuit court. It is not where the controversy, or even the main controversy, is between such citizens. The meaning of the clause is not obscure. In many suits there are numerous subjects of controversy, in some of which one or more of the defendants are actually intererested, and other defendants are not. The right of removal is given where any one of those controversies is wholly between citizens of different states, and can be fully determined as between them, though there may be other defendants actually interested in other controversies embraced in the suit. The clause, "a controversy which can fully be determined as between them," read in connection with the other words, "actually interested in such controversy," implies that there may be other parties to the suit,and even necessary parties, who are not entitled to remove it. Such other parties must be indispensable to a determination of that controversy which is wholly between the citizens of different states, or their being parties to the action is no obstacle to a removal of the case into the circuit court.

If this is a correct construction of the act of Congress, the case in hand is free from difficulty. The petition of Rockefeller and Flagler for removal, asserts that the controversy is wholly between them and the plaintiffs, and that as between them it can be fully determined. The motion to remand traverses no fact set out in the petition. It simply presents the question whether the facts asserted in the record show that under the act of Congress the case was improperly removed, and that this court has no jurisdiction of it. The fifth section of the act provides that, if at any time it shall appear that such suit does not really and substantially involve a dispute or controversy properly within the jurisdiction of the circuit court, that court shall proceed no further therein, but shall remand it to the court from which it was removed. Looking then to the bill and answer, do they involve such a controversy? We cannot doubt that they do.

The bill, with its exhibit, made a part of the bill, charges that the plaintiffs, together with one Vandegrift and one Foreman, sold an undivided halfinterest in their oil-producing properties to the defendants (not naming them), and entered into a partnership with the defendants (not naming

them), having for its object the purchase and operation of oil-producing territory, and the production and sale of crude petroleum. It further charges that, at the time of entering into the contract of partnership, a written contract was executed between certain trustees of the first part, the plaintiffs, and Vandegrift and Foreman, of the second part, and Rockefeller and Flagler, of the third part, confirmed by the other parties defendant, providing for the manner in which the title to the lands and property of the partnership should be acquired, held and disposed of, and fixing a limitation and method of dissolution of the partnership. A copy of this agreement is annexed to the bill, and made a part of it. From the whole tenor of the bill it is evident that agreement is what s called the contract of partnership. But on reference to it, its purpose was not to create or evidence a partnership. It is a mere declaration of trust. The parties to it are Taylor and Bushnell, two trustees, of the first part, whose duty is to hold the lands conveyed to them, and to manage them, to operate, control and sell them for the sole and exclusive benefit of Taylor, Vandegrift, Foreman, Pitcairn, and Sutterfield, of the second part, and Rockefeller and Flagler, of the third part. There are no other parties to the agreement. The parties mentioned as of the third part are petitioners for the removal of the case. They are the only defendants named in the contract. The other defendants, it is true, appear to have joined in one of the conveyances of land conveyed to the trustees, and by a separate instrument they expressed assent to the agreement, and declared that their conveyance was made for the purpose set forth in it. But they entered into no covenants, and assumed no obligation to the plaintiffs. Looking more minutely to the contract, it appears that Taylor and Bushnell, the trustees, and parties of the first part, were constituted managers of the property and the interests of the trust, for a compensation to be fixed. All the other parties were at best mere cestuis que trust, and it was stipulated that in case profits were divided they, together with all proceeds of sale, should be divided monthly, or oftener if the executive committee should so decide, and paid one-half to Taylor for the second party, and the other half to Henry M. Flagler, for the third party. Beyond doubt, therefore, Rockefeller and Flagler are the main defendants in this suit. There are no other indispensable defendants. If those who have not petitioned for a removal of the suit into this court have any interest at all in it, it is because Rockefeller and Flagler, the petitioners, are their trustees, a matter in which the plaintiff's have no interest. Conceding that those other defendants are cestuis que trust of Rockefeller and Flagler, which does not clearly appear, they are not necessary parties to the bill. They are represented by their trustees: Kerrison, Assigneť, v. Stewart, 93 U. S. 159. And the fact that they have been made parties by the plaintiffs is, under the act of 1875, no obstacle to the removal of the case into the Federal court. 2 Woods, 126; Osgood v. R. R. Co., 6 Biss. 330; Turner v. R. R. Co., Dillon on Removal of Causes, 34, note. The case, there

fore, plainly involves a controversy which is wholly between the plaintiffs and Rockefeller and Flagler, and which can be fully determined as between them. If there are other controversies, in which the other defendants are interested, they are merely incidental; they are not the main controversy. The real controversy, as appears on the face of the bill, independent of the answer and the petition for removal, is between the plaintiffs and Rockefeller and Flagler, the second and third parties to the trust agreement. This is true whether the third parties are solely interested in one-half of the trust property, or whether they are trustees of the other defendants.

Indeed, according to the literal reading of the statute (a reading quite in harmony with the Constitution), the right of removal, and the jurisdiction of this court exists, though the controversy between the plaintiffs and the defendants, who are petitioners for the removal, be not the main controversy in the case. It is enough if there be a controversy wholly between citizens of different states, which can be fully determined as between them, though it may not be fully determined as between the plaintiffs and the other defendants. The phrase, "as between them," is significant. And there is no necessary embarrassment attending such a removal. The entire suit is removed because of the controversy it involves between citizens of different states, and the circuit court, having thus obtained jurisdiction, is competent to determine all the controversies involved between the plaintiffs and the other defendants. The other questions are regarded as incidental. This is in accordance with the acknowledged practice, and with the adjudications. It has even been ruled that supplementary, auxiliary or dependent proceedings, though commenced by original bill, and involving only controversies between citizens of the same state, will be entertained in the Federal courts when necessary to a complete determination of all the matters growing out of a controversy in those courts between citizens of different states. Jones v. Andrews, 10 Wall. 333, and cases in note.

But in this case it is unnecessary to invoke such decisions. The case, as exhibited by the bill of the plaintifffs, is one of property equitably held in common, to be managed and divided as stipulated in an agreement, and the object of the suit is to terminate the trust declared, and to have the property sold and divided according to the equities of the parties interested. The agreement itself provides how the division shall be made. Any rights to the profits, or proceeds of sale, not belonging to the second or third parties, that is, not belonging to the plaintiffs, or Rockefeller and Flagler, are only incidental. The entire property described in the agreement, together with all rights to it, and all duties in relation to its management belong to the plaintiffs and Rockefeller and Flagler. If the other defendants have claims against the lat ter, they are outside of the real controversy, and are claims in which the plaintiffs have no interest.

We think, therefore, the case was property removed into this court, and the motion to remand it to the state court is denied.