force consists of about 6,000 of all arms. Every able-bodied male Colombian is liable war strength of about for service, and a 50.000 could be raised. (See Armies of the World.) Navy. The Navy consists of five old cruisers of little or no fighting value and a few miscellaneous craft, and is stationed on either side of the Isthmus of Panama, with a gunboat on the Magdalena River. Education.-Primary education is free, but is not compulsory, although the schools are well attended. The white population retains the literary instincts of the Spaniards. The principal factor is the work of the Catholic corporations, whose secondary schools are State-aided. Finances.-The revenue and expenditure of Colombia for the five years 1909-1913 are estimated at the following totals in gold Debt. The External Debt has been reduced by arrangement with foreign (mainly British) bondholders, and now amounts to $12,400,000. The Internal Debt amounted on July 1, 1912, to about $3,000,000. and Production and Industry.-Maize wheat are grown on the elevated plateaus of the western regions, but the principal product is coffee, of which excellent qualities are produced and exported through the neighboring republic of Venezuela and through Colombian ports. Cocoa, sugar, and bananas are also cultivated, and the indigenous rubber trees are being brought into commercial use. The grassy plains of the northeast support large herds of cattle and sheep, and considerable developments are possible in the export of the for mer. Gold, silver, and platinum are found and worked in large quantities, and there are rich mines of copper, lead, mercury, and cinnabar, which form a great potential as set. Con Salt, coal, and iron are plentiful, and there are extensive petroleum fields. cessions for the development of the oil inconstruct dustry, including the right to railways, docks, quays and canals, in connection with the transport of the oil have been let to an English company. The Government emerald-mines and pearl fisheries are believed to be valuable. There is at Pradera a small iron industry in close proximity to the mines, and agricultural machinery is produced. A pottery and earthenware industry has survived the Spanish invasion of the sixteenth Century unchanged. Sugar refining is enconraged by the State, and there are Panama hat factories. Foreign Trade.-The Imports are principally flour and prepared foodstuffs, machinery, and textiles; the Exports being coffee, cattle, hides, and skins, bananas, tobacco, rubber, Panama hats, orchids (the choicest varieties of which are found by adventurous explorers), and gold, silver, and platinum. Textiles are sent principally by the United States and the United Kingdom, and flour by the United States; sugar of a better quality than can be produced by the primitive factories in Colombia is sent by Germany, in addition to rice. Coffee is sent to the United States through Venezuelan and Colombian ports; tobacco principally to Hamburg; and cotton to the United Kingdom and France. The values of the Imports and Exports for the five years 1908-1912 are stated as follows in gold pesos: Year 1908. 1909. 1910. 1911. 1912. Imports Exports Total 13,513,890 14,998,434 28,512,324 11,117,927 16,040,198 28,148,125 17,385,040 17,786,806 35,171,848 18,108,863 22,375,899 40,484,762 23,964,623 32,221,746 56,186,369 Railways-Only about 620 miles of railroad were open in 1913. Internal comover the munication is mainly carried principal rivers and their tributaries, a regular service of river steamers running on the Magdalena and its many auxil iary streams. Mountain tracks only fit for mules, and cart roads some in very good condition, are the principal means of getting about the country. Shipping. There are many harbors on the Pacific Coast. The Caribbean Coast (Atlantic) has many ports, of which Barranquilla, Cartagena, Santa Marta, and Rio Hacha are engaged in traffic with Europe and North America, while Villamazar has The tona coasting trade with Venezuela. nage entered and cleared at Barranquilla (at the mouth of the Magdalena River) ex ceeded 1,400,000 tons in 1910, tnat of Car tagena being about 1,200,000 tons. Towns.-Capital, Bogotá, founded Quesada in 1538. There are fifteen towns credited with more than 20,000 inhabitants. The unit of value under the law of 1907 was the gold peso worth about a dollar in United States money. In the later coinage the peso had been superseded by the dollar, but the actual currency is the paper peso, of which it requires 102 to equal $1. by Trade with the United States.-The value of merchandise imported into Colombia from the United States for the year 1913 was $7,397,696, and goods to the value of $15,979.912 were sent thither-a balance of $8,582,216 in favor of the United States. Colombia: Action of, in Panama, 6807-6815, 68276857. American citizens in, destitute, order for transportation of, to United States, 5437. American citizens in New Granada, outrages on, 2948, 3049. Boundary question with Costa Rica discussed, 4627, 5869. Civil war in, discussed and action of United States regarding, 4911, 6364, 6426. Claims of American citizens arising out of. (See Aspinwall, Colombia.) Claim of Italy against, and arbitration of, President of United States discussed, 6328. Claims of United States against, 292, 1594, 1751, 1822, 4289, 4804, 6364, 6681, 6735. Allowance of, 1030. Convention for adjustment of, 3444. Claims of United States against New Commercial relations with, 1124. Convention between United States and Granadian Confederation, 3268. Convention with, 855, 907, 3412, 3444. Correspondence with, transmitted, 5610. Demonstration by Congress of, in honor of President Juarez, of Mexico, 3575. Diplomatic relations with, 1132. Dissolution of three states composing, 1158. Reunion of, discussed, 1245, 1319. Flour, duties on, reduced, 1115. Fugitive criminals, convention with, for surrender of, 4587, 5200. Import duties imposed upon American products by, 5672. Retaliatory measures proclaimed, 5700. Imprisonment of American citizens by authorities of, 4798. Minister of, to United States, arrival of, referred to, 3381, 4521, 4562. Minister of United States in, 1030. Sent to, 3390. Transferred from Stockholm, Sweden, to, 3665. Minister of United States to New Granada, reasons for not presenting credentials discussed, 3348. Postal convention between United States and New Granada, 2168. President of, delivered from assassins, medal offered President Jackson in commemoration of, declined, 1029. Relations between United States and New Granada discussed, 2978. Tonnage duties levied on American vessels by New Granada, discussed, 2948, 3049. Treaty between United States and New Granada, 2217, 2359, 2361, 2582, 3063, 3122, 3174. Contravention of, by latter, 2948, 3049. Provisions of, discussed, 2361. Referred to, 2576, 2577, 2581, 2902, 3349. Treaty with, transmitted and discussed, 855, 868, 907, 1115, 1124, 4587, 5200. (See also Panama Canal.) Vessels from port of Boca del Toro, duties on, suspended, 4895. Vessels of United States seized or interfered with by, 4289, 4358. Wars in New Granada, 3349. Colombia, Treaties with. In 1824 a treaty of amity, commerce and navigation was concluded with Colombia. This treaty expired by its own terms in 1836. With the division of the republic in 1831, New Granada succeeded Colombia, and a treaty of peace, amity, navigation and commerce was negotiated with this government in 1846. In 1862 the name was changed to the United States of Colombia and in 1886 the states were abolished and the country became the Republic of Colombia. A consular convention was concluded with the existing government in 1850, and claims conventions in 1857 and 1864. In 1888 an extradition treaty was concluded on nearly the same lines with those of other South American republics. Ship Canal.-In 1903 a ship canal convention was signed in Washington, by John Hay, American Secretary of State, and Thomas Herran, chargé d'affaires of Colombia, providing for the transfer of the property of the New Panama Canal Company to the United States and granting to the United States the right to construct a canal across the isthmus of Panama and maintain jurisdiction over a zone five kilometres wide on each side thereof for a period of one hundred years (page 6901). Colombia's congress adjourned without ratifying this treaty, and its provisions became inoperative. (See Panama Canal.) Colombia also became a party to the convention between the United States and the several republics of South and Central America for the arbitration of pecuniary claims and the protection of inventions, etc., which was signed in Buenos Aires in 1910 and proclaimed in Washington July 29, 1914. (See South and Central America, Treaties with.) Colon Fire Claims, mentioned, 6864. Colonel.-A commander-in-chief of a regi ment of infantry or cavalry. Colonel Lloyd Aspinwall, The, seizure of, by Spain, and award to United States discussed, 4052. Colonial Dames of America.-The Society of the Colonial Dames of America was organized in the City of New York, May 23, 1890, and was the first society of women for this patriotic purpose founded in this country. It was Incorporated April 23, 1891. The Society is purely patriotic and educational in its objects, which are: (1) To collect and reserve relics, manuscripts, traditions and mementoes of the founders and builders of the thirteen original states of the Union, and of the heroes of the War of Independence, that the memory of their deeds and achievements may be perpetuated. (2) To promote celebrations of great historic events of National importance to diffuse information on all subjects concerning American history, particularly amorg the young, and to cultivate the spirit of patriotism and reverence for the founders of American constitutional history. This Society has a large membership and chapters in many states. Another society of the same name and having similar purposes is composed of delegates from the state societies. These exist in the thirteen original states and in twenty-ore other states and the District of Columbia, and are all incorporated. The aggregate membership is (1909) over 5.000. Under the constitution of the National Society it is prescribed that the members shall be women "who are descendants in their Own right of some ancestor of worthy life who came to reside in an American colony prior to 1750, which ancestor, or some one of his descendants, being a lineal ascendant of the applicant, shall have rendered efficient service to his country during the Colonial period, either in the founding of a commonwealth or of an institution which has survived and developed into importance, or who shall have held an important position in the Colonial Government, and who, by distinguished services, shall have contributed to the founding of this great and powerful nation." Services rendered after 1776 do not entitle to membership, but are accepted for supplemental applications. There is no admission except through Colonial ancestry. Colonial Society of America.-The object of this society is to advance historic research, and particularly to arouse and sustain widespread interest in the perpetuation of the memory of the chief historic events, places and scenes in the colonial and revolutionary pericds of our country. The Society consists of members, patrons and fellows. They are persons interested in American history and the preservation of the historic scenes and places in the colonial and revolutionary periods. are The Society prepares each year etchings of historic scenes, buildings and places of America, and India proofs printed from the etching plates, signed by the artist, sert to all members, patrons and fellows of the society, together with the Memorial Book of the Society, which contairs a complete history of the subjects represented in the etchings. It also issues reproductions of rare documents, relics, etc., of historic value pertaining to the period. Colonial System.-It was the custom of European countries having colonies in America to manage them solely for the profit and convenience of the mother country. In this Great Britain was no more culpable than other European nations. Great Britain's policy has of late become more liberal, her colonial possessions, wherever capable, being self-governing. Colonization of Negroes. (See Negroes.) Colonization Socicty, American.-A national organization formed at Washington, D. C., Jan. 1, 1817, for the purpose of encouraging the emancipation of slaves by providing a place outside the United States to which they might emigrate when freed. The scheme was also intended to relieve the South of the free black population. Numerous branches of the society were soon organized in many states. Free negroes were first sent to Sierra Leone, then for a short time to Sherbro Island, and in 1821 a permanent location was purchased near Cape Mesurado. In 1847 the colony declared itself an independent republic under the name of Liberia. It was recognized by the United States in 1861. Colonization Society, American, agreement with, discussed, 3059, 3124, 3180. Color-Line.-The distinction, social or political, between white and colored people. Colorado.-One of the western group of states, named from the Colorado River; nickname, "The Centennial State"; motto, "Nil sine numine." It lies between lat. 37° and 41° north and long. 102° and 109° west, an area of 103,948 square miles. It is bounded on the north by Wyoming and Nebraska, on the east by Nebraska and Kansas, on the south by New Mexico and Oklahoma, and on the west by Utah. is formed partly from territory included in the Lonisiana Purchase and partly from that acquired from Mexico in 1848. Colorado is traversed by the Rocky Mountains It and is noted for its beautiful scenery, formed by lofty peaks and deep canyons. Colorado is the chief gold and silver producing State in the Union and its iron, copper, coal and lead mines are also im portant. Extensive irrigation has contrib uted largely to the success of its agricul ture, and stock-raising is one of the most important industries. The excellent cllmate has rendered the State noted as a health resort, especially in cases of pulmonary disease. It was organized as a terri tory in 1861 and admitted as a State in 1876 (4346). President Johnson vetoed two acts on this subject (3611, 3681). Area, 103,925 sq. miles; population in 1910, 799,024. Statistics of agriculture collected for the last Federal census place the number of farms in the State at 46,170, comprising 13,532,113 acres, valued with stock and im provements at $491,471,806. The average value of land per acre was $26.81 against $9.54 in 1900. The value of domestic animals, poultry, etc.. was $70.161.344, including 1,127,737 cattle, valued at $131,017,303; 294,035 horses. $27,382,926; 14,739 mules, $1,798,935; 179,294 swine, $1,568,158; 1,426,214 sheep, $6,586,187, and poultry, $1,012,251. The yield and value of the field crops of 1911 was: corn, 373.000 acres, 5,222,000 bushels, $4.073,000; wheat, 438,000 acres, 8.274,000 bushels, $6,950,000; oats, 290,000 acres, 10,150,000 bushels, $4,872,000; rye, 21,000 acres, 252,000 bushels, $176,000; potatoes, 90,000 acres, 3,150,000 bushels, $3,118,000; hay, 707,000 acres, 1,414,000 tons, $13,150,000. Though Colorado does not now lead in the production of any important mineral substance. the United States Geological Survey reports that it closely approximates California in the production of gold. of which in former years it has been the leading producer. (See illustration opposite 4344.) It ranks eleventh among the mineral-producing states, and fifth among the states west of the Mississippi River. It is the leading producer of tungsten ores and vanadium minerals, and ranks second in the production of gold, third in the production of zinc and fluorsrar, and fourth in lead. On account chiefly of the decreased production of coal the total value of the mineral products of Colorado decreased from $58.167,399 in 1912 to $54,294.281 in 1913. The product of chief value is gold, the production of which in 1913 was almost exactly one-third the total value of the mineral products of the state. The production decreased from 899,222 fine ounces. valued at $18.588.562 in 1912. to 877,857 fine ounces, valued at $18.146,916. Second in importance among the state's mineral products is coal, but on account of labor troubles in the last quarter of the year the production of the state decreased from 10,977.824 short tons, valued at $16.345.336. in 1912, to 9,232,510 tons, valued at $14,035,090. The production of zinc, which showed a marked increase in 1912 over 1911, suffered a decrease in 1913, which was particularly emphasized in the diminished value of the output. The recoverable zinc content of the ores mined in Colorado in 1913 was 59.673 short tons, valued at $6.683,400, against 66,111 tons, valued at $9,123,374, in 1912. The zine mining operations are third in importance among Colorado's mining industries. Colorado leads all of the western states in the manufacture of pig iron, but produces only a small quantity of iron ore. Silver ranks fourth in the value of Colorado's mineral product. and, unlike gold, showed an increase of output in 1913. The excess production of silver in the state increased from 8,212,070 tine ounces, valued at $5,050,423, in 1912, to 9,325.255 fine ounces, valued at $5,632,454. The recoverable lead content of the ore in 1913 was 43,949 short tons, valued at $3,867,502. The other mineral products which had a total value in of $1,000,000 in 1913 were clay products and copper. Other mineral products of the state are cement, ferro-alloys, fluospar, fuller's earth, gems, graphite, gypsum, lime, manganiferous ore, mica, mineral waters, natural gas, petroleum, sand and gravel, sand-lime-brick, sulphuric acid from zinc smelting, tungsten concentrates, and uranium and vanadium ores. The number of manufacturing establishments in Colorado having an annual output valued at $500 or more at the beginning of 1915 was 2,126. The amount of capital invested was $181,719,000, giving employment to 33,715 persons, using material valued at $89,756,000, and turning out finished goods worth $136,839,000. Salaries and wages paid amounted to $26,568,000. Colorado: Admission of, into Union Acts for, vetoed, 3611, 3681. Table accompanying veto message, 3687. Proclaimed, 4346. Recommended, 4209. Referred to, 4360. Boundary of, 6937. Constitution adopted by, discussed and action of President, 3573. Creation and organization of, as a Territory, referred to, 3254. Governor of, absence of, from Territory, referred to, 3721. Italian laborers lynched in, dis cussed and recommendations re Labor disturbances in, 6942. Lands in, set apart as public reservation by proclamation, 5595, 5695, 5705, 5722, 5786, 5797. Unlawful combinations in, proclamation against, 5932. Colorado River (Lower), improvement of, 7722. Colorado Springs, Colo., act granting lands to, for water reservoirs returned, 5501. Colors of France presented to United States on the occasion of the presentation of an address of amity from the Committee of Public Safety in Paris, 181. Columbia. The poetical symbol of the (See Columbia, The, attacked by Mexican armed vessel, 1684, 1685. Columbia, The, mentioned, 6318. Columbia, District of. (See District of Columbia.) Columbian Exposition. (See World's Columbian Exposition.) Columbian Historical Exposition at Madrid: Acceptance of invitation to participate in, recommended, 5622. Report of United States commissioners to, transmitted, 5988. Columbian Institution for the Deaf.This institution was established in Washington in 1857. Its average population is around 150, for whom it cares in the most modern and scientific methods at an average expenditure of about $125,000. Deaf persons within the District of Columbia are admitted free of charge, but residents of other states may be admitted by the payment of a yearly fee of $350, which includes all expenses except clothing. The institution is administered through the Interior Department, and it is divided into the following departments-Gallaudet College, Department of Articulation and Normal Instruction, The Kendall School, and the Domestic Department. Columbus, Christopher. (See America.) Columbus Day. (See Holidays, Legal.) Columbus and Sandusky Turnpike referred to, 2278. Columbus Barracks, Ohio, new buildings for recruiting service at, referred to, 4664. Columbus, Ga., act for erection of public building at, vetoed, 5257. Columbus, Ohio, establishment of mint at, referred to, 4311. Colville Reservation, Wash., agreement for cession of lands on, 5648. Comanche Indians. (See Indian Tribes.) Combinations, Illegal. (See Illegal Combinations.) Comet, The, compensations by Great Britain in case of, referred to, 1732, 1784. Comity of Nations.-A courteous custom, having the force of law, by which one nation holds itself accountable to the laws of another nation in matters of common interest; limitations as to the extent of the courtesy involved are frequently stipulated in treaties. Command.-As a body of men, an organized force of naval or military troops under a given officer. (See Encyclo Commander.-An officer with authority to direct a body of troops. Commanders of Army. pedic Article, Army.) Commerce.-The trade between states, countries and other political or economic units. The commerce of the United States is reported by the Department of Commerce under two general headings, foreign and domestic. The extent of the foreign commerce is represented in the importa and exports, while the domestic trade is summed up in the freight traffic of the railroads. Besides that carried by the railroads, the rivers and lakes carry a considerable amount of merchandise, which is only partially reported. The data for the river traffic is obtained from a report made by the Inland Waterways Commission and a report of the Chief Engineer of the War Department made in 1910. Reports of lake traffic were discontinued in 1911. FOREIGN TRADE.-Exports for the fiscal year just ended with June amounted to $4,345,000,000, and the imports were valued at $2,180,000,000, making a total foreign trade for the year of over six and a half billion dollars, which is much larger than any previous total in the history of American commerce. These figures were nounced July 12, 1916, by the Bureau_of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, of the Department of Commerce, with the explanation that the figures included for June are an estimate based on the final May statistics. an It was in 1872 that our foreign trade first exceeded one billion dollars. By 1900 it had crossed the two billion dollar mark, by 1907 had exceeded three billion, and by 1913 had risen above four billion, remaining around that level until the year just ended, when the six billion mark was exceeded. Imports first exceeded one billion dollars' value in 1903 and are now a little more than twice as much as at that time. Exports first rose above one billion dollars' value in 1892 and are now four times as much as in that year. Thirteen great classes of exported articles yield a total estimated at 3,024 million dollars for 1916, as against 1,321 million for all other articles. The following table shows the remarkable increases which have curred in exports of this group during the last two years: LEADING ARTICLES OF EXPORT OC Articles exported in values ranging downward from 9 million to 5 million dollars each last year included furs and fur skins, 9 barley, 8; aeroplanes and tobacco manufactures, each, 7; coffee, eggs, starch, soap, aluminum goods, and scientific instruments, each, 6; and fertilizers, silk manufactures, seeds, hides and skins, and glucose, each, million dollars. Seven groups of articles represent about one-half the entire value of our import trade, each of them exceeding 100 million dollars in the fiscal year 1916. Stated in order of magnitude, they are: sugar, estimated at 206 million in 1916, against 174 and 101 millions one and two years earlier; rubber and substitutes therefor, 159 million, against 87 and 76 million, respectively; hides and skins, 157 million, against 104 and 120; raw wool, 145, against 68 and 53; raw silk, 122, against 81 and 98; coffee, 117, against 107 and 111; and chemicals, drugs, etc., 108 million, against 84 and 95 million, respectively. Our leading imports are thus faetory materials and foodstuffs. Imports of manufactured fibers are estimated at 69 million dollars for 1916, against 62 and 82 million one and two years earlier; raw fibers, at 62 million, compared with 40 and 54 million; copper in ingots, bars, etc., 52 million, as against 20 and 41 million; wood manufactures, 51 million, as against 47 and 44 million; tin in bars, blocks, etc., 48 million, compared with 31 and 39 million cotton manufactures, 47 million, compared with 46 and 71 million; and raw cotton, 42 million, compared with 23 and 19 million in 1915 and 1914, respectively. Taking up the articles of lesser value and stating the 1916, 1915, and 1914 imports in millions of dollars, the figures run: MINOR ARTICLES OF IMPORT * Unmanufactured cocoa Vegetable oils Diamonds... Silk mfrs. Flaxseed.. 20 13 11 29 20 26 21 16 25 14 23 13 22 12 3138 Explosives... Raw cotton. Wheat and flour.. Meats.. 314 428 142 Dairy prod270 206 143 ucts.. Copper mfrs. 170 109 146 Mules. Mineral oils Brass and mfrs.. Autos and parts Chemicals, etc... 165 134 152 Fiber mfrs.. Cottonmfrs.. 112 Refined sugar Leather. Wood and mfrs.... Oats and oatmeal Wool mfrs. Tobacco, unmanufact'd Zinc mfrs... Rubber mfrs. Fruits.... Corn and cornmeal.. Electrical goods.. Agricultural 7 implements 18 10 32 Photographic 33 goods... Rye and rye 27 flour... 51 Cottonseed 2 oilcake and 37 meal... 3 Vegetables... 21 Spirits, wines 60 133 and liquors 14 3 Lead mfrs... 14 9 50 103 Naval stores. Paraffin.. 1Glass and 17 4327 13 11 20 13 11 5 glassware. 12 6 44 54 Flax seed oil cake and 1 meal.... 12 Paints and 4 21 15 34 31 colors.. 11 7 The estimated import trade in the minor groups would include, vegetables, zine ore, and hats and hat materials, each 11 million dollars; nickel, 10; spices, 9; antimony matte, sulphur ore, and fertilizers, each 7; earthen and chinaware, manganese, brass for remanufacture, bituminous coal, iron ore, tobacco manufactures, leather manufactures, each between 5 and 6 million; and lead, dyewoods, clocks and watches, asbestos, dressed furs, toys, plants, and platinum, each from 3 to 4 million dollars. The estimate of 6% billion dollars as the value of American foreign trade in the fiscal year which ended June 30, 1916, recently announced by the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce, Department of Com ucts.. 222 24 43 39 Wood.. 11333 17 8 9 17 18 19 15 18 19 15 30 34 16 13 20 14 18 to 23 27 35 Leather and 11 14 tanned |