Day," because on that day in 1777 Congress
The Asso-
adopted the United States flag.
ciation is composed of individual members
and also the members of the Flag Com-
mittees of patriotic societies for the purpose
of fostering public sentiment in favor of
honoring the flag of our country and pre-
serving it from desecration.

An

organization

American Legion.
formed in 1915 to enroll the names of
citizens of the United States qualified
either by previous military or technical
experience who express their willingness
to respond in case the government should
The mem-
at any time need their services.
bership consists of men of experience in
the army, navy or marine corps or in the
National Guard or naval militia of any
state; men especially trained in any of
the
vocations drawn upon to
meet the conditions of modern warfare,
such as aviation, navigation, operation of
motor cars or cycles, and trades in which
technical and skilled manual labor is em-
ployed; also those trained in surgery, medi-
cine and nursing. The form of application
The
carries about seventy such vocations.
dues are 25 cents per year, and members
are entitled to wear a button consisting
of a blue star in a white field surrounded
by a red circle.

numerous

American Merchant Marine, need for,
7674.

American National Red Cross. (See
Red Cross, American National.)
American Party.-From the beginning of
the government, movements against aliens
have been common. In New York City, a
center of foreign population, this subject
had, from time to time, been agitated, and
after a period of success in 1844, it had
again sunk out of view. About 1852, when
the Whig Party was breaking asunder, a
secret, oath-bound organization, said to have
or "The Or-
been called "The Sons of '76,'
was
der of the Star-Spangled Banner,"
formed. Those of its members that had
not been admitted to the higher degrees
were kept in ignorance of the aims and
name of the organization, and their constant
answer of "I don't know" to questions re-
garding the society gave them the title of
Know-Nothings." All meetings of the par-
ty were secret. It carefully avoided the
subject of slavery, and attempted to draw
the voters that were tired of agitation on
that subject by confining itself to vigorous
opposition to Catholics and aliens.

Its prin:
ciple was "Americans must rule America.'
The first national convention of the party
met in February, 1856. It favored more
stringent naturalization laws; opposed for-
eign immigration suffrage and office-holding
by foreign-born citizens; opposed the with-
drawal of the Bible from the public schools.
Millard Fillmore, of New York, was nomi-
nated for President and Andrew Jackson
These nomi-
Donelson for Vice-President.
nations were endorsed by a Whig conven-
tion in September. Fillmore carried but
one state, Maryland, while his total popu-
lar vote was about 850,000.

In 1860 Presidential candidates were
again nominated, but under another name.
(See Constitutional Union Party.) After
Fillmore's defeat, the party in 1857 carried
the State elections in Rhode Island and
Maryland, and in 1859 it was still represent-
ed by a few members in Congress.
Anti-Masonic Party.)

(See

The second party of this name was found-
ed on opposition to secret societies, unlike

the first, which had itself been such a so-
ciety. The name was adopted by the mem-
bers of the National Christian Association
when that body began in politics. Its plat-
form demanded prohibition of the sale of
liquor, recognition of the Sabbath, the with-
drawal of the charters of secret societies
and legislative prohibition of their oaths, ar-
bitration of international disputes, the in-
troduction of the Bible into schools, the
restriction of land monopolies, resumption
of specie payments, justice to the Indians
and a direct popular vote for President and
Vice-President. James B. Walker, of Illi-
nois, Was nominated for President and
In 1880
D. Kirkpatrick for Vice-President.
nominations were again made; in 1884 the
nominee, S. C. Pomeroy, withdrew in favor
of St. John, the Prohibition candidate, on
his assurance that he "stood on every plank
of the American platform.".

A third American party was organized by
a convention held in Philadelphia, Sept.
16-17, 1887. Its platform declares the
"present system of immigration and natu-
ralization of foreigners detrimental to the
welfare of the United States; demands
amendment of the naturalization laws so
as to make fourteen years' residence a
prerequisite to citizenship; excludes from
citizenship all anarchists, socialists, and
other dangerous characters; condemns allen
proprietorship in land; grants of land to
corporations; reasserts American principles
of absolute freedom of religious worship
and belief and the permanent separation
of Church and State and declares in favor
of the enforcement of the Monroe Doctrine.
American Patriotism, Chair of. (See
Chair of American Patriotism.)
American Peace Society.-National Head-
quarters, Colorado Building, Washington,
D. C. Organized in New York City, May
8, 1828, and formed by the merging of
many State and local societies, the oldest
of which, the New York, dated back to
1815. Located in Boston from 1837 to
1911. Moved headquarters to Washington,
D. C., May 1, 1911. (See Peace Societies.)
American Protective Association.-While
disclaiming to be a political party, this
association, popularly known as the A. P.
A., has influenced results in many localities.
Its principles, as set forth in a platform
adopted at Des Moines, Iowa, in 1894, are
(1) protection of our nonsectarian free
public-school system; (2) no public funds
or property to be used for sectarian pur-
poses; (3) preserving and maintaining the
Constitution and Government of the United
States; (4) restriction of immigration, and
(5) extension of time required for natural-
ization. The association was organized in
1887, and soon had well-attended councils
in nearly every State of the Union.
American Republics, Bureau of the In-
ternational Union of. (See also Pan-
American Union, International Amer-
ican Conference.)

American Republics, Bureau of:
Buildings of, 6824.

Bulletins of, transmitted, 5678, 5785.
Discussed, 6338, 6349, 6381, 6436.
Report of, transmitted, 5647, 5769,
5907, 6001, 6099, 6183, 6349.
Collection by governments of debts
due their citizens, from other coun-
tries, by force of arms, referred to
The Hague Tribunal by, 7061.

Conference at Rio Janeiro, visited by

Secretary of State Root, 7058. American Rights Committee. (See Preparedness Societies.)

American Seamen. (See Seamen, American.)

American Society of Mechanical Engineers, memorial of, relating to Ericsson transmitted, 5565. American System.-In his annual message, December, 1848, President Polk discussed what its authors and advocates called the "American system" (2504). He insisted that this so-called system was founded on a departure from the earliest policy of the Government; that it depended on an enlargement of the powers of the Federal Government by construction and was not warranted by a just interpretation of the Constitution. One branch of the new system, it was claimed, was the establishment of a large national bank. The next branch was a high protective tariff, levied not to raise the revenue needed, but for protection merely; the next was a comprehensive scheme of internal improvements, and finally a plan for the distribution of the proceeds of the sales of the public lands among the States. But the term "American system," as most generally understood, is used to denote the policy of protection to home Industries by means of high duties on imports. The term was probably first used by Henry Clay in the debates which preceded the enactment of the tariff law of 1824, when he called his plan of protective duties and internal improvements "American system."

the

American Union Against Militarism. (See Peace Societies.)

American Wood Preserving Co., purchase of machinery from, referred to, 4676. Americanism, President Roosevelt defines, 6915.

Americans in Europe:

Board of relief established for, 7962. Relief, protection and transportation

home of, 7961.

Amistad Case.-The case of the United States against the Spanish vessel, Amistad. A cargo of kidnapped Africans who had been landed near Havana, Cuba, by a Portuguese slaver, was shortly afterwards placed aboard the Spanish vessel Amistad for shipment to Puerto Principe. On the voyage the negroes took possession of the vessel and ordered the crew to return to Africa; but the sailors brought her into American waters, where, off the coast of Long Island; she was captured by a United States war vessel and carried into New London, Conn., Aug. 29, 1839. On a libel for salvage the Supreme Court of the United States held on appeal that the negroes, having been kidnapped from a foreign country, were free men, and not bound by treaties with Spain. Amistad, The:

Appropriations for claimants in case of, recommended, 2401, 2742, 2977, 3042, 3092.

Claims arising out of, 2634, 2720. Negroes taken on board, referred to, 1856.

Reference to, 2128, 3172.

Release of, demanded by Spanish minister, 1805.

Amity.-From the literal meaning, "friendship." the word is employed in international relations to indicate friendly understanding and co-operation; applied especially in connection with treaties, as a treaty of amity. or a treaty of amity and commerce. Ammunition. (See Arms and Ammunition.)

Amnesty.—An act of pardon for political offenses. The effect of it is that the crimes and offenses against the State specified in the act are so obliterated that they can never again be charged against the guilty parties. When amnesty is proclaimed without restriction as to persons or localities it is called absolute. Numerous instances of qualified amnesty are found in ancient and modern history. When Thrasybulus overthrew the oligarchy at Athens he proclaimed an amnesty, excepting thirty tyrants and a few of their followers. President Lincoln's first amnesty proclamation excepted all officers or agents of the Confederate government, all army officers above the rank of colonel, all naval officers above the rank of lieutenant, all persons who left the service of the United States to participate in the insurrection, and all those who had resigned from the military or naval service and afterwards participated in rebellion; also all those who had treated colored persons or those in charge of them otherwise than as prisoners of war (3414). Dec. 25, 1868. President Johnson proclaimed absolute amnesty (3906).

Amnesty (see also Pardons):

Proclamation of President Lincoln,3414. Discussed, 3390, 3455.

Persons entitled to benefits of, defined, 3419.

Referred to, 3508.

Proclamation of President Roosevelt,

6718.

Proclamations of President Johnson,
3508, 3745, 3853, 3906.
Authority for, discussed, 3895.
Circular regarding, 3539.
Persons worth more than $20,000 to

whom special pardons issued, re-
ferred to, 3583.

Referred to, 3659, 3669, 3722, 3779. Recommendations of President Grant

regarding, 4107, 4209.

Amphion, H. R. M. S., protects American interests, 6809.

Amphitrite, The, mentioned, 6318.
Amsterdam, Netherlands:

Accounts of bankers of United States in, rendered, 113.

Loan contracted with, 120. Anarchy, legislation for suppressing, recommended, 6643, 6644. Anatolia College (Marsovan, Turkey), partial destruction of by mob, and indemnity paid for, discussed, 5872. Ancona, note on sinking of, 8117. Andorra.-A neutral, autonomous and semiIndependent state on the frontler of France and Spain in the Eastern Pyrenees. Area 175 English square miles. Population 6,000.

Government and People.-The State is di-
vided into the six communes or parishes of
Andorra Vicilla, Canillo, Encamp, Massana,
Orvino and San Julian de Loria, which are
sub-divided into fifty-two pueblos; and is
under the joint suzerainty of France and
the Spanish Bishop of Urgel. The Andor-
The peo-
rans are all Roman Catholics.
ple are virile and independent, engaged
mainly in pastoral pursuits and agriculture.
France has agreed to extend a branch line
of railway (from Toulouse to Ax), from
Ax southwards to Andorra Vicilla, and
Spain to continue the Barcelona-Ripoll line
to Andorra Vicilla, which would thus be-
come a station on a Toulouse-Barcelona
line across the Pyrenees. The central_gov-
ernment is administered by a General Coun-
cil of twenty-four members (four from
each commune), the executive power re-
siding in the Syndic and Vice-Syndic of the
Council. The French Republic (through
the préfet of the Eastern Pyrenees) and
the Bishop of Urgel receive a tribute of
Every
960 fr. and 460 fr. respectively.
alternate year two delegates visit the préfet
of the Eastern Pyrenees to pay the tribute
and renew the bond of fidelity. The capital
is Andorro Vicilla, population 600.

Anglo-American.-An American of English
birth or descent. Loosely, any such person
who maintains a divided allegiance between
England and the United States, with pref-
erence for the former.

bu-
Animal Industry, Bureau of. This
reau of the Department of Agriculture (q.
v.) makes a study of diseases of animals, in-
cluding chemical, bacteriological, and zoolog-
ical investigations. Its activities include
dairying and animal breeding and feeding.

The administrative work of the bureau
consists of the inspection of import and
export animals and of vessels for their trans-
portation; supervision of the interstate
movements of cattle and inspection of live
stock and their products after slaughter for
food consumption; eradication of animal
diseases; supervision of serums for use
with animals; and management of experi
mental farms at Beltsville and Bethesda,
Md.

Fighting diseases among domestic animals
is the important task of this bureau, and
some idea of the magnitude of the work
may be gained from the statement conserv-
atively made by the officials, estimated on
the basis of data for thirty years, that
the annual direct losses from animal dis-
eases are approximately $212,000,000. Some
of the most virulent diseases are hog
cholera, Texas fever and cattle ticks, tuber-
culosis, contagious abortion, blackleg, an-
thrax, foot and mouth disease, glanders,
scabies of sheep and cattle, parasites, and
poultry diseases. The efforts of the bureau
have materially lessened all of these.

Inspection of meats by the agents of the
Bureau of Animal Industry in one recent
year covered a total of 896 establishments,
situated in 247 cities and towns in the
United States. The number of animals in-
spected at the time of slaughter was approx-
imately 58,000.000, divided as follows:

Cattle, 6,964,000; calves, 1,735,000; goats,
165,000; sheep, 12,900,000; swine, 36.247,-
000. The carcasses condemned on this in-
spection and destroyed to prevent their use
for human food numbered 290.600.

This bureau co-operates with the state
colleges in the formation of boys' pig clubs,
and under its patronage these clubs now
exist in thirteen states and have a member-
Bhip of about 10.000. The dairy division of
the bureau has for its object the improve-
ment of dairy herds. In this connection
co-operative bull associations are formed,

and farmers are assisted in the organization
of co-operative creameries and furnished
advice regarding buildings, equipment, oper-
ation and management. When a sufficient
number of patrons is reported, with enough
COWS to make the establishment of a
creamery practicable, the department fur-
nishes blue-print plans for a building and
machinery with estimates of cost. Practical
assistance is given also in creamery man-
agement.

Animal Industry, Bureau of:
Appropriation for, 5887, 5979.
Inspector and assistant inspector in,
recommendation that diplomas and
examinations be required of appli-
cants for, 5887.
Report of, 6734, 6857.

(See also Agriculture, Department of.)
Animals and Animal Products. (See

also Agricultural Products.)
Commission appointed to report on
unhealthfulness of, discussed and
recommendations regarding, 4793.
Contagious diseases among animals
discussed, 4578, 4580, 4771, 5112,
5383, 5764, 5887.

Exportation of, discussed, 4578, 5554,
5763, 5887, 5978.

Importation of, into United States-
Discussed, 5887.

Laws prohibiting, in certain cases
recommended, 5197.

Proclamation removing prohibition
on, 6025.

Preserves for native animals, recom-
mended, 6911.

Restrictions upon importation of, in-
to foreign countries-
Austria, 4916.

Belgium, 5956, 6325.

France, 4693, 4758, 4789, 4916,
5194, 5545.

Germany, 4758, 4789, 4916, 5957,
6061, 6330.

Great Britain, 4519, 5764, 6178.
Correspondence regarding, referred
to, 4979.
Decrees of-

France regarding, 5517.

Germany, France, Belgium, and
Denmark regarding, 6100.
Discussed, 4947, 5554, 5641.
Removed, 5616, 5641, 5763.

Annals of Congress.-A record of the de-
bates and proceedings of Congress from
the commencement of the First Congress,
March 4, 1789, to the close of the first ses-
sion of the Eighteenth Congress, May 27,
1824. The Annals also contain many valu-
able State papers, public documents, laws,
and much correspondence. (See Congres-
sional Globe; Congressional Record; Regis-
ter of Debates.)

Annapolis, Md.:

Act for erection of public building
at, reasons for applying pocket
veto to, 5071.

Naval Academy at. (See Naval
Academy.)

Annexation.-After the adoption of the Federal Constitution the individual states ceded to the United States all territory west of the lines they established as their western boundaries. In the original charters this territory extended nominally to the Pacific Ocean, but really only to the Mississippi River, for Louisiana and Florida were Spanish possessions. In 1800 Louisiana was retroceded by Spain to France, and was acquired by the United States from the latter April 30, 1803, by payment of $15,000,000. The territory embraced all of the present State of Louisiana lying west of the Mississippi River, together with New Orleans and the adjacent district east; Arkansas, Missouri, Iowa, a portion of Idaho and Minnesota, all of the Dakotas, most of Kansas, all of Nebraska and Indian Territory, part of Colorado, most of Wyoming, and the whole of Montana, and contained 1,171,931 square miles. Feb. 22, 1819, Florida was ceded to the United States by Spain for $5,000,000. Texas, which had for nine years existed as an independent Republic, was added to the United States as a State Dec. 29, 1845. As a result of the Mexican War and the payment of $18,250,000 to Mexico and $10,000,000 to Texas, territory including what are now California and Utah and portions of New Mexico, Nevada, Arizona, Wyoming and Colorado was added, and later the southern part of Arizona and New Mexico were by the Gadsden Treaty purchased from Mexico. Alaska was acquired in 1867 by purchase, the price being $7,200,000, and Hawaii in 1898 by treaty. By the Treaty of Paris, between the United States and Spain at the close of the Spanish-American War, Dec. 10, 1898, the Philippine Islands; Guam, of the Ladrone Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Isle of Pines were ceded to the United States. Tutuila, Tau, Onesinga and Ofu, of the Samoan group, were acquired in 1899 by treaty with Great Britain and Germany. Wake and other small islands in the Pacific were taken in 1899. The Panama Canal Zone (see Panama Canal) was acquired in 1903. Annual Addresses of President

Adams, John, 240, 261, 279, 295.
Washington, 57, 73, 95, 117, 130, 154,
174, 191.
Wilson, 8286.

Annual Messages of President

Adams, John (addresses), 240, 261,
279, 295.

Adams, J. Q., 865, 916, 944, 973.
Arthur, 4624, 4713, 4757, 4822.
Buchanan, 2967, 3028, 3083, 3157.
Cleveland, 4909, 5082, 5165, 5358,
5866, 5955, 6058, 6146.
Fillmore, 2613, 2649, 2699.

Grant, 3981, 4050, 4096, 4138, 4189,
4238, 4286, 4353.
Harrison, Benj.,

5741.

5467, 5542,

Hayes, 4410, 4444, 4509, 4553.

Jackson,

5615,

1154,

1005, 1063, 1107, 1238, 1316, 1366, 1455. Jefferson, 314, 330, 345, 357, 370, 393,

Madison, 458, 467, 476, 499, 519, 532, 547, 558.

Monroe, 580, 608, 623, 642, 667, 754, 776, 817.

Pierce, 2740, 2806, 2860, 2930.

Polk, 2235, 2321, 2382, 2479.
Roosevelt, 6641, 6709, 6784, 6894, 6973,
7023, 7070, 7198.

Taft, 7409, 7492, 7644, 7766.
Taylor, 2547.

Tyler, 1927, 2047, 2110, 2187.

Van Buren, 1590, 1700, 1746, 1819.
Washington (addresses), 57, 73, 95,

117, 130, 154, 174, 191.

Wilson (addresses), 7906, 8015, 8102. Antarctic Regions.-Lands discovered within Antarctic regions are almost everywhere inaccessible. Recent explorations have determined the character of the polar region as an elevated land-mass of continental proportions, containing beds of coal and other mineral wealth. Antarctic regions as compared with Arctic are remarkable for low temperature. While icebergs from Arctic Ocean are carried south as far as the 40th parallel, bergs and floes from Antarctic are found, even in summer, 10 or 15 degrees nearer the equator. In the warmest part of midsummer the temperaThe ture is practically at freezing point. entire region is within the snow line.

Explorations-Cook (1772) reached lat. 71° 10' S.; Weddell (1823) lat. 74° S.: Ross (1841-42) lat. 78° 10' S.; sighted a land with mountain ranges 7,000 to 15,000 feet high; traced coast from 72d parallel 800 miles S. and W.; named it Victoria Land; on it observed an active volcano, Mt. Erebus (13,300 feet). A Belgian expedition, De Gerlache commandant (1899), reached lat. 71° 36' 5". Borchgrevink (1898-1900) reached lat. 78° 34'; Scott (1902) lat. 82° 17'; Shackleton (1909) lat. 88° 23', expedition located S. Magnetic Pole at 72° 25' S. 155° 16' E. Amundsen discovered the south pole in 1912. Anthracite Coal Strike Commission, re

ferred to, 6737.

As

Anti-Federalists.-A political party which opposed the adoption and ratification of the Constitution. Its fundamental principle was opposition to the strengthening of the National Government at the expense of the States. George Clinton, George Mason, and Patrick Henry were its leaders. Their strength was shown in the First and Second Congresses. They opposed Hamilton and his followers and championed a strict construction of the Constitution as against monarchial federalism. They later became merged into the Republican party, under the leadership of Jefferson. There have been many political parties, termed "antis." their names imply, they have opposed some specific measure, organization, or person. Though acting as political parties, they are not such in the strict sense of the word, for they have no affirmative policy and their claims are negative. Organized with specific purpose to oppose, they disappear with the issue. Prominent among quasi parties have been Anti-Lecompton, Anti-Masonic, Anti-Monopoly, Anti-Nebraska, and Anti-Renters. Anti-Masonic Party.-In 1826 William Morgan and David C. Miller, of Batavia, N. Y.. announced that they were about to Before publish an exposé of Free-masonry. the book was produced Morgan was arrested for debt and confined in the jail at Canan

the

daigua, whence he disappeared on the night
of Sept. 12, 1826. It was charged, but never
shown to be true, that he had been foully
dealt with by members of the Masonic order,
as all attempts to discover his whereabouts
were unavailing. The oft-reiterated charges
aroused a bitter opposition to the order,
and Thurlow Weed began the publication
of the Anti-Masonic Enquirer at Rochester.

In 1827 a convention was held by the
Anti-Masons of Genesee County at Le Roy,
N. Y., and a political party organized. It
was claimed that many of the State officials
were Masons and regarded their fraternal
obligations as more binding than their civil
oaths. The Anti-Masonic feeling grew rap-
idly. The party cast 33.000 votes in New
York State in 1828, 70,000 in 1829, and 128,-
000 in 1830, though many of the latter were
anti-Jackson men regardless of Masonry.

In September, 1830, a national conven-
tion met at Philadelphia, Francis Granger,
of New York, presiding. In 1831 they nom-
inated William Wirt for President, but car-
In 1835,
ried only the State of Vermont.
through a Democratic split, they elected Jo-
Af-
seph Ritner governor of Pennsylvania.
ter this date the Anti-Masonic party de-
clined as rapidly as it had arisen.
Anti-Monarchical.-Opposed to a monar-
chial form of government.

Anti-Monopoly Party.-The Anti-Monop-
oly Organization of the United States met
at Chicago, May 14, 1884, and nominated
Benjamin F. Butler, of Massachusetts, for
the Presidency. It adopted a platform de-
manding economical government, and the en-
actment and enforcement of equitable laws,
Including an Interstate Commerce Law (one
has since been enacted), establishing Labor
Bureaus, providing Industrial Arbitration, a
direct vote for Senators, a graduated income
tax, payment of the national debt as it ma-
tures, and "fostering care" for agriculture;
while it denounced the tariff and the grant
of land to corporations. Their nominee was
also selected by the Greenback Labor party,
the joint ticket being known as the Peo-
ple's party. It polled 130,000 votes.
Anti-Nebraska.-Opposed to the Kansas-
Nebraska act (q. v.).

Anti-Saloon League.-Founded in 1890,
and is installed in practically every State
of the Union. The League throughout the
nation employs 500 persons, who give their
entire time to the work of this institution,
and it has over 100 offices from which were
distributed during the year 100,000,000
pages of anti-saloon literature. The annual
income is about $400,000.

Anti-Trust Law.-In 1887 Congress en-
acted the Interstate Commerce Law, hav-
ing for its purpose the regulation and con-
trol of the business of common carriers en-
the States.
gaged in commerce between
The main object of this law was to pre-
vent favoritism and unfair discrimination in
freight rates, which had, it was claimed,
contributed largely to the upbuilding of
trusts and monopolistic enterprises and
worked to the disadvantage of smaller com
peting concerns. This was amended and
passed in 1890 as the Sherman Anti-Trust
Law. It provides that all contracts, com-
binations in form of trusts or otherwise,
or conspiracies in restraint of interstate or
international commerce are illegal, and that
all persons participating in such agreement,
combination or conspiracy are guilty of a
misdemeanor and subject to a penalty for
violation of the act. The statute also pro-
vides that all goods in transportation in
violation of the act may be seized and

forfeited by the Government, and that in-
junction proceedings may be brought by
the Attorney-General under the act. AI-
though supplemental acts were passed in
1903, on the recommendation of the At-
torney-General, the Sherman law was found
ineffectual in the purposes for which it
was intended, i. e., restraining the growth
of monopolies or trusts, so-called, and that
it operated against both reasonable and
unreasonable restraints of trade, and pro-
hibited all combinations, both good and bad.
Further criticism of the law was invoked
when the Supreme Court decided that a
trade union boycott was a conspiracy in re-
straint of trade.

The law creating the Department_of
Commerce and Labor provided for a Bu
reau of Corporations, whose duty it should
be to collect data regarding trusts, which
might be used in shaping further legisla-
tion.

The decisions of the Supreme Court and
of the United States Circuit Court indicate
that the government has the power to pre-
vent combinations among railroads or manu-
facturing corporations engaged in inter-
state business, even when such combina-
tion only tends toward monopoly. (See
Northern Securities Case.)

While the law seems effective against
railroads, it was set at defiance by the
Addyston Pipe and Steel Company, which
pending the decision of a case brought
against it by the Attorney-General, sold
out the six defendant companies to a New
Jersey corporation and continued the al
leged unlawful practices. (See Addyston
Case.)

Commissioner Garfield, of the Bureau of
Corporations, recommended, and President
Roosevelt has urged upon Congress the
necessity of a federal incorporation law.
(6943, 7074.) To compel a corporation do-
Ing business in any State to secure a fed-
eral franchise to transact business in an-
other State is of doubtful constitutionality.

Commissioner H. K. Smith of the Bu-
reau of Corporations in 1908 said: "Cor-
porate combination seems to be not only an
economic necessity but also largely an ac-
complished fact. It is not the existence
of industrial power, but rather its misuse,
that is the real problem." Senator Bever-
idge said the most urgent legislation need-
ed by honest business was a law legalizing
pur-
capitalistic corporations for honest
poses.

President Roosevelt declared it to
be "profoundly immoral to keep on the
statute books a law, nominally in the inter-
est of public morality, that really puts a
premium upon public immorality by un-
dertaking to forbid honest men from doing
what must be done under modern busi-
ness conditions." (7075.)

The entire status of anti-trust legislation
in the United States was altered by the
passage of a bill, approved on Sept. 26.
1914. establishing the Federal Trade Com-
mission; and by the passage of the bill,
approved on Oct. 15, 1914, known as the
Clayton Anti-Trust Law. The articles in
the Index under the head of Federal Trade
Commission and Clayton Anti-Trust Law
must be read carefully for an adequate un-
derstanding of the anti-trust situation in
the country at the present time.

Following is a complete list of suits
brought and prosecutions instituted by the
United States under the Sherman Anti-
Trust Law. A complete index to the vari-
ous cases will be found at the end of the
article.

PRESIDENT HARRISON'S ADMINISTRATION.
-Seven Cases.

[William H. H. Miller, Attorney-General,
March 5, 1889, to March 6, 1893.]