10 potatoes

3 vetches 2 beans 10 lucern

2 carrots

15 wheat

5 turnips
5 cabbages

10 oats.

15 clover

15 wheat

2 beet

5 barley

5 barley

5 turnips 5 cabbages 24 beet

2 carrots 10 lucern*

10 lucern
10 lucern
10 lucern
10 lucern
*(To be ploughed up after seven years, and followed by wheat.)

neurose division of the animal kingdom by Dr. Grant, a
view which has been many times suggested to original ob-
servers, from the figure, division, and movements of the
body. Ehrenberg's classification of these minute but often
highly organised creatures is formed upon the same general
model as that of the Polygastrica, there being in these the
same double series of analogous nude and loricated forms.
General Character.-Swimming invertebral animals,
apodal, often caudate, capable of executing rotatory move-
ments by the aid of peculiar ciliated organs. No true heart,
but a dorsal vessel, and transparent vessels in which no
movements appear. No distinct branchia. Many nervous
pharyngial ganglia (cerebral); in general a cervical nervous
ring and an abdominal nerve. Very often eyes coloured red.
Alimentary canal distinct and simple; sometimes a stomach,
in other cases cœcal appendages; pharynx almost always
Sexual organs
armed with jaws, which often carry teeth.
distinct, hermaphroditic; reproduction oviparous and vivi-
parous, never fissiparous, as among Polygastrica.
Order 1. Rotatoria nuda.

acres can afford for a tenth part of it: but this is very
easily modified by substituting a green crop for a portion
(perhaps one-half) of the potatoes, and letting the potatoes be
succeeded by barley or oats instead of wheat. The rotation
will then be less scourging, and better adapted to land of
moderate fertility, where extraneous manure cannot be
depended upon. We give it as an example of the applica-
tion of the true theory of rotations, and it is remarkable
how nearly it accords with that which was the result of
practice alone without theory. We have ourselves for
many years adopted a rotation without being tied down to
any positive rule, which has been suggested by circum-
stances, and in some measure regulated by our conviction of
the truth of the theory we have attempted to elucidate. In
a clayey loam on an impervious subsoil, but mostly com-
pletely drained, we have had turnips and Swedes on high
ridges, tares, mangel-wurzel, potatoes, and a portion of
re to cut up green; succeeded by barley and oats sown
with clover, rye-grass, and other biennial grass seeds.
These were mown for hay the first year, and sometimes the
second also, but generally depastured one year at least;
then followed beans, and after these wheat. The green
crops were put in after repeated and deep tillage, and with
an ample allowance of manure. The whole of the layer
was top-dressed with peat or coal ashes in the first year,
and what manure could be got or spared was put on the
second year before winter, when it was ploughed up. All the
corn crops were put in upon one shallow ploughing. We
have had no reason to repent of pursuing this course: but
we allow that one year only in clover would probably be
more profitable. The land is not sufficiently fertile by
nature to bear wheat after the first year of clover, instead of
feeding or making it into hay. This would bring it to some
of the rotations adopted in rich alluvial soils. It is a rule
which should never be transgressed, that after every crop
reaped there should be a remnant of manure sufficient to
ensure a good crop the next year; and that this should
always be in the land, and considered as stock in trade or B, Two eyes.
capital invested at good interest. By means of judicious
rotations and tillage a much greater quantity of produce
may be raised at a certain expense of labour and capital,
than by any desultory and experimental mode of cropping.
The farmer should find it his own interest to cultivate his
land according to the most approved principles, and the
landlord should impose only such restriction as will prevent
the tenant from injuring himself by diminishing the pro-

Notommata centrura. The branchial apparatus (b, ca) omitted on the left side,

Brachionus urceolaris, as an example of loricate Zygotro- | nals, for which purpose they had a pillory, tumbrel, and chus Rotatoria.

e, eiliæ rotatoriæ. p, pharynx. e, stomach. a p, appendages to stomach.

b. ovarium, o, eye. m, muscles. q. tail. bb, internal branchia. ca, bran

chial canal.

ROTE, a musical instrument of former times, mentioned by the early French writers of Romance, and by Chaucer, as well as others among our early poets: it seems to have been similar to what the French call a vielle, and the English a hurdy-gurdy.

ROTELLA, a genus belonging to the Turbinacés of Lamarck. [TROCHIDE.]

ROTHER. [SUSSEX; YORKSHIRE.]

ROTHERHAM, a parish and market-town in the southwestern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire, 6 miles from Sheffield, 12 from Barnsley, 12 from Doncaster, 160 from London by the road, and 171 by railway. The Don, after receiving the Rother at the eastern extremity of the town, takes a westerly direction, and Rotherham occupies an elevated situation which rises from the northern bank of the river. On the western side of the town the river bends to the north-west. The parish comprises an area of 12,810 acres (nearly 10 square miles), and consists of the townships of Rotherham, Kimberworth, Brinsworth, Catcliffe, and Dalton, and the chapelries of Tinsley and Greasbrough. The populous suburb of Masbrough is on the left bank of the Don, but is comprised in the township of Rotherham, with which it is united by a handsome stone bridge of five arches.

About a mile south of the town, on the south bank of the Don, there are some Roman remains, which consist of a rectangular encampment called Temple Brough; and, at a distance of 300 yards higher up the river, there is an earthwork, which it is conjectured formed part of a larger work. Roman coins, bricks, and pottery have been found on both these sites. The station Ad Fines,' on the great road from Little Chester to Castleford, is fixed at Temple Brough by the best authorities. There is however nothing to give Rotherham a claim to a Roman origin, but it probably originated very early in the Saxon period. The church at Rotherham was in that period the only ecclesiastical edifice in an extensive district, and tithe was paid to it from lands now forming the parishes of Ecclesfield, Sheffield, Handsworth, Treeton, and Whiston, in addition to those which are comprised within the parish at the present time. (Hunter's South Yorkshire.) A weekly market and annual fair were held before the Conquest; the Saxon lord of the manor had his corn mill; and these were sufficient, with its ecclesiastical superiority, to render Rotherham a vil of some importance. The Saxon possessor of the manor being displaced at the Conquest, Nigel Fossard, a Norman, was subinfeuded under the earl of Morton. In the reign of Henry III. (13th century), the manor and church were granted to the monks of Rufford Abbey, in Nottinghamshire, with the rights which had been exercised by the former feudal possessors, such as regulating weights and measures, the assize of bread and beer, punishment of crimi- |

gallows. In 1307, Edward I. granted the town another market and a second fair. The parish church was built in the reign of Edward IV. (15th century), and is one of the handsomest in the diocese. Thomas Rotherham, archbishop of York, a native of the place, born in 1423, lent his assistance towards rendering it a model of ecclesiastical architecture. There are several good engravings of the church. The living is a vicarage, and the average net income in 1829-30-31 was 1707. An old font, supposed to have belonged to the Saxon church, at present stands in the churchyard. To Archbishop Rotherham also his native town was indebted for the foundation of a college, the remains of which still exist, and are used as an inn. This college was founded in 1482 for a provost, three fellows, and six scholars, who were lodged at the college, and accommodation was at the same time provided for the several priests officiating in the different chantries in the church. Grammar, poetry, rhetoric, music, singing, writing, and arithmetic were taught in this college, which was suppressed in the reign of Edward VI. The bridge-chapel on the Don, which does not appear to have been endowed, is now used as the town gaol. The old road from London to Carlisle passed through Rotherham. Charles I. during the civil war passed a night in the town: to one of the inhabitants, who held the stirrup while he mounted his horse, he gave as a memorial a coin of Richard I., which is still in possession of the family of Clarke residing in Rotherham.

of municipal government. The 'feoffees of the common There is no single constituted authority for the purposes lands of Rotherham' are the most important local body. They consist of twelve inhabitants elected for life by the freeholders and rate-payers of the township, and they have the management of certain lands bought by the inhabitants of Queen Elizabeth. The total income at their disposal is at present about 6007. a year, a considerable proportion of which is expended in the improvement of the town and in other objects of public utility. Mr. Hunter states (South Yorkshire) that he has inquired in vain for the decree or patent under which the feoffees act. The town is lighted under a local act obtained in 1801. A gas-company was established in 1833, but is not incorporated, nor is the water-company, which was formed in 1827. The police is regulated by a general local act (3 and 4 Wm. IV., c. 90), and consists of a day and night watch, for which the township only is rated. The county magistrates sit in petty sessions every Monday, and offenders are committed temporarily to the town gaol. The Midsummer quarter-sessions for the West Riding are held at Rotherham. A court of requests was established in 1839, and its jurisdiction extends to places in the vicinity. Rotherham is the centre of a union under the Poor-Law Amendment Act. The expenditure for the relief of the poor averaged 28087. for the parish, before the union, and in 1838 the expenditure was 17907.

Great improvements have recently taken place in the general appearance of the town. Streets have been widened, old houses pulled down, and many good builddings erected. The materials for building are abundant, the town itself standing upon a mass of the old redsandstone. Besides the parish church, there is a chapel at Tinsley, a small antient edifice; a church at Greasbrough, built in 1826, with the aid afforded by the Church-Building Commissioners and voluntary contributions; a new church at Thorpe; and a new church at Kimberworth will be completed in 1842. The oldest chapel for Protestant dissenters was built by the Presbyterians in 1705, and is now used by the Unitarians; it was repaired and enlarged in 1840. The Independent chapel, situated in Masbrough, was built towards the end of the last century, and has been once enlarged. The Wesleyan Methodist chapel, built in 1805, has been twice enlarged. A Primitive Methodist chapel has been opened since 1820. In 1836, a handsome Baptist chapel was erected; and within the last three years the service of the Roman Catholic church has been performed in a building formerly occupied as a theatre. The court-house, in which the Midsummer quarter-sessions are held, was built by the county in 1827, and is the most convenient in the Riding. The library, news-room, and dispensary occupy a plain substantial building erected in 1828. The dispensary was established in 1806, and affords medical aid to between 500 and 600 patients yearly. Almshouses for four poor unmarried women were founded in 1780 by Mrs. Mary Bellamy.

The establishments for education at Rotherham are:-1, The Independent academy, situated in Masbrough, at which 25 young men are educated for the Independent ministry, under a tutor in theology and a tutor in classics: the institution is supported by voluntary contributions. 2, The grammarschool, founded in 1584: the classics are taught gratuitously to the boys of the town. The master has a house rent-free, and | the total endowment is about 307. per annum, to which the feoffees, who are the trustees, add a gratuity. The scholars have a claim to a fellowship and two scholarships in Emmanuel College, Cambridge, in case the same are not occupied from the free-school at Normanton; and there is a fellowship at Lincoln College, Oxford. 3, Hollis's School, founded in 1663, by Thomas Hollis, a Nonconformist, for the edu cation of thirty children. 4, The Feoffees' school: 28 boys and 20 girls are educated and instructed in reading, writing, and arithmetic. 5, A school on the Lancasterian system, for 200 boys and 200 girls. 6, Boarding, common day, and dame schools. 7, Sunday schools. We have no accurate information respecting the two latter classes of schools. Lending libraries are attached to the Sunday-schools of nearly each denomination. The public library was established in 1775, and contains about 3000 volumes, including the publications o the Record Commission.' There are nearly 90 annual subscribers. Rotherham was one of the earliest towns in establishing a subscription library, but there is neither a mechanics institute, mechanics' library, nor savings'-bank in the town. There is a small library of theology in the church, for the purchase of which the sum of 1007. was left a century ago. ROTHERHITHE. [SURREY.]

Rotherham, possesses many important advantages cal- | parish, in 1831, was as follows:-Rotherham (as before culated to encourage manufactures. Extensive beds of stated), 4083; Kimberworth, 4031 Greasbrough, 1290; coal, of a quality suitable to manufacturing processes, Tinsley, 368; Brinsworth, 229; Catcliffe, 196; Dalton, 187; exist in nearly every part of the parish, and iron-ore is Orgreave, 35. also abundant. Leland notices, in the sixteenth century, that a mile from Rotherham 'be veri good pittes of coal;' and also that in the town 'be veri good smithes for all cutting-tools;' but it was not until about a century ago that any extensive manufacturing operations began to be carried on. In 1746, the Walkers established a work for the manufacture of cast-iron goods of all kinds; and at the large establishments which originated in their enterprise, great part of the cannon used in the navy during the American and French wars was cast, and for a considerable period nearly the whole country was supplied by them with cast-iron goods. The iron bridges at Sunderland, Yarm, Staines, and the Southwark-bridge over the Thames were cast at their works. After a period of inactivity which followed the close of the war, the various branches of the iron-manufacture are again carried on with great vigour, many new establishments have been commenced, and a greater variety of articles is produced. Stoves, fenders, engineering and millwork, and many kinds of hardware goods are now made. Glass, earthenware, starch, soap, naphtha, pyroligneous acid, are manufactured at Rotherham. There are two extensive ale and porter breweries, and vessels of 50 tons burthen are occasionally built in yards adjoining the Don. A flax-mill has been carried on for several years. The markets for corn and cattle are held on Monday: both are of great importance; but every alternate Monday the cattle-market is one of the largest in the county, and is attended by buyers from Manchester and other towns at a great distance. There is a covered stone building in the market-place for the accommodation of the dealers in butter, poultry, and eggs; and the feoffees are intending to render it more convenient by enclosing one of the sides. The shambles occupy the northern sides of the market, and were built by the feoffees. The fars are for horses and cattle chiefly, and in November there is a statute fair for hiring servants.

the island of Bute, chief town of the county of Bute, 52 ROTHESAY, or ROTHSAY, a burgh in Scotland, in miles from Glasgow, or 19 from Greenock; in 55° 51' N lat. and 5° 1′ W. long.

Rothesay owes its origin to a castle erected here about Western isles of Scotland, which he then held. Under the A.D. 1098, by Magnus, king of Norway, to secure the protection of this castle a village was formed, and, under the to importance. Robert III. raised it from being a burgh of barony to the rank of a royal burgh, and James VI, A.D. 1595, further augmented its municipal privileges. It suffered much in the wars of the middle ages, and was repeatedly taken and plundered by the English, the Norwegians, and the Lords of the Isles. It was seized by the Duke of Argyle in his invasion, A.D. 1685. In the early part of the last century many of the inhabitants left it, in order to settle at Campbelltown, and the town appeared like a desert, but since then it has much revived.

Besides the various natural advantages which the manufacturers of Rotherham enjoy, there are few places possessing such extensive facilities for traffic. The Don was made na-patronage of the Stuart family, to whom it belonged, rose vigable from Doncaster to Tinsley (the latter place situated between Rotherham and Sheffield) in 1720; and in 1820 the navigation was extended from Tinsley to Sheffield by a canal. The Don gives to the town the means of exporting and importing commodities by water to and from all the great manufacturing towns of Yorkshire and Lancashire, and it communicates with the Trent by the Stainforth and Keady canal. The Sheffield and Rotherham railway was opened in 1838. It commences in West-gate, Rotherham, where a handsome station is building, is carried across the Don by a wooden bridge, receives a branch from the Greasbrough collieries, and another from the North Midland Railway, and terminates in the Wicker, Sheffield. Trains depart from each terminus every hour during the day; and the distance between the two towns, which is 3 miles, is performed in about fifteen minutes: the lowest fare is sixpence. Upwards of a million of passengers had been conveyed along the line in the two years ending October 1840. The Rotherham station on the North Midland Railway is one of the most important on the line, being used by Sheffield on the one hand, and by Rotherham and an extensive district eastward: it is a handsome stone edifice with a spacious waiting room and offices. This railway, which connects Leeds, York, and Hull, and the counties of Durham and Northumberland, with the midland and western counties and the metropolis, passes through a considerable portion of the parish, and has greatly increased the value of property adjacent to it. At the Ickles, a hamlet in the parish, it is carried over the Don and the Sheffield road by a fine viaduct of twenty-five arches. The communication between London and Rotherham is effected in about 8 hours.

The population of the parish and township at the four periods when the census was taken, was as follows:

1831. 4083 10,387

The town stands on the east side of the island, at the bottom of a small bay. It consists of several streets and lanes; and has been enlarged along the shore on each side of the old part of the town, by the addition of villas and lodginghouses for the accommodation of the bathers who resort here in the summer from Glasgow, and to whom the place is recommended by its mild and healthy climate and pleasant situation.

Rothesay Castle, a tall heavy-looking ruin, consisting of a circular enclosure with massive walls flanked with round towers built of red stone, stands in the middle of the

town. The town-hall and county buildings, a handsome castellated structure with an elegant tower, and the prisons for the county, are adjacent to the castle. The kirk is a modern building about a mile from the town. There are two chapels-of ease, one of them Gaelic; a third chapel of ease, of elegant architecture, has been built by the Marquis of Bute in the northern part of the parish. There are three or four dissenting places of worship in the parish. Close to the parish church are the ruins of the antient church of St. walls of the choir, and one or two antient monuments, are Mary, once the cathedral of the bishopric of the Isles: the standing.

The population returns of 1831 were as follows:—

1801. 3070

1811.

2950

8671

1821. 3548 9623

Township Total of parish 8418 The population of the parish is at present estimated at d that of the township, at 5000: in the latter the ses is rising, though many new houses have been The population of the different divisions of the About one-third of the population of the part of the parish

Burgh
Rest of parish

Inhabit houses. Families.
549
1148
208

Persons

9817

242

1267

757

1390

6084

extent and versatility of his talents. This work he afterwards repeated for the church of Santa Croce at Mantua. He visited Venice, and studied the colouring of Tintoretto, whose style he imitated with great exactness. Whilst at Venice, he painted some pictures for the public edifices, two of which are mentioned by Lanzi, namely, a Santa Cristina at the Incurabili, and an Annunciation at San Bartolommeo; but that writer speaks in slighting terms of these works, and generally so of the talent of the painter. During his stay in Italy, which lasted several years, he was patronised by Ferdinand, duke of Milan, for whom he painted, amongst numerous works, a picture of Nymphs dancing, which was much admired.

not included in the burgh is agricultural. By a subsequent |
account carefully taken in 1837, the population was given at
4924 for the burgh, and 1165 for the rest of the parish;
total 6089.
There are a cotton mill and a power-loom factory, a tan-
yard, two boat-building yards, and several cooperages. The
herring fishery is carried on. There are three banks,
branches of the Greenock, the Renfrewshire, and the
Royal Bank. The harbour was formed A.D. 1822, and has
a slip and building dock, either now finished or in course of
construction, adjacent to it. The exports are cotton yarn
and cotton goods, herrings, fresh fish, barley, turnips, pota-
toes, rye-grass seeds, small timber, and leather; the imports
are raw cotton, cotton yarn, hides, wheat, oats, flour, beans,
bone-dust, lime, freestone, coals, salt, and barrel staves.
There were, in 1837, 58 vessels belonging to the port, of from
15 to 300 tons, total registered tonnage 2950: men 255, em-
ployed in the coasting trade, foreign trade, or fishery. There
is a communication by steam-boats with Glasgow. There is
a weekly market, and there are three fairs of little import-
ance. Port Bannatyne, a village in the parish, with a popu-
lation of about 300 persons, has 25 small vessels engaged in
the herring fishery.

The parish is in the presbytery of Donoon, in the synod of Argyle. There were, in 1840, fifteen schools in the parish, including one parochial school with three assistant teachers, two schools endowed by the Marquis of Bute, and three others which are partially assisted. The number of scholars in these schools, in the spring of 1840, was 921, nearly onesixth of the whole population. The management of the schools is considered to be very good, and there is scarcely a young person brought up in the parish who cannot read and write. There are in the parish six public libraries and two public reading-rooms. A periodical publication, The Bute Record of Rural Affairs, has lately been established: it is useful to agriculturalists. There are several friendly societies, and a savings' bank.

The burgh is governed by a provost, two bailies, a dean of guild, a treasurer, and twelve councillors. Burgh courts, sheriff and justice of the peace courts, and county meetings are held here. The burgh formerly united with Ayr, Irvine, Campbelltown, and Inverary in returning a member to parliament. By the Scottish Reform Act it was disfranchised as a parliamentary burgh, and added to the county of Bute; but by way of compensation, that county, which had previously returned a member alternately with Caithness, was allowed to return one constantly. (New Statistical Account of Scotland; Parliamentary Papers.)

ROTTBOELLA, a genus of the tribe Rottboelliacea, of the very natural and extensive family of grasses, named by Mr. Brown in honour of C. F. Rottböll, a Professor of Botany at Copenhagen, who died in 1797, and who published several works, one in particular on exotic species of Gramine and Cyperaceae. The genus is distributed throughout Asia, especially India, New Holland, and the tropical islands, and extends also to Egypt. The species are usually tall, erect, and flat-leaved, with the spikes round and jointed; spikelets two in each joint, pressed close to or sunk into a hollow in the rhachis; of these one is sessile, the other stalked. The species are not relished by cattle, with the exception of R. glabra, of which they are said to be fond in India.

ROTTEN-STONE occurs massive. Fracture uneven. Colour greyish, reddish, or blackish brown. Dull, earthy, and opaque. Soft, soils the fingers, and is fetid when rubbed or scraped. Found near Bakewell, Derbyshire, in Wales, and at Albany in the state of New York. It is employed in polishing metals, &c. Analysis by R. Phillips :

Alumina
Silica

Carbonaceous matter

ROTTENHAMER, JOHN, was born at Munich in 1564, and received instruction in the rudiments of painting from an obscure artist named Donhaur or Donower. Early in life he went to Rome, and became known for small historical compositions painted on copper in a style of most minute finishing. Emboldened by success, he undertook to paint for one of the churches of Rome a large altarpiece, representing several saints and a glory of angels, a work which, when completed, excited astonishment at the P. C., No. 1254.

He returned to his native country, and established himself at Augsburg, where he was much employed. For the emperor Rudolph II. he painted a fine picture of the Feast of the Gods, a composition of many figures, gracefully designed, and coloured with the splendour of the Venetian school. Many of his backgrounds were painted by John Breughel, and some by Paul Bril. He was partial to the introduction of gaudy accessories into his pictures, which he frequently enlivened by naked figures designed with taste and coloured with delicacy. His heads are expressive, but present too much sameness of appearance, and his design, though tolerably correct, is generally formal and mannered. There were eight of his important pictures in the gallery of the Louvre, which were removed in 1815, and returned to Prussia, Holland, and Austria, whence they had been taken. Though greatly employed, Rottenhamer died in poverty, and was buried by subscription at Augsburg, where he died in 1604, or, according to Bryan, in 1606. Lanzi says that he visited England, and that he died here, but this appears to be a mistake, as we find no mention of him in the Anecdotes of Painting,' and it is very improbable that so industrious an investigator as Mr. Vertue would have omitted in his memoranda any mention of an artist so generally known, if he had resided in this country.

(Bryan's Dict.; Biographie Universelle; Lanzi, Storia Pittorica, iii. 123.)

ROTTERDAM, the capital of the province of South Holland, in the kingdom of the Netherlands, is situated in 51° 55′ N. lat. and 4° 29′ E. long., on the north bank of the river Maas, about twenty miles from the mouth of that river, which here resembles an arm of the sea. It is in the form of a triangle, the base of which, about a mile and a half in length, extends along the bank of the Maas; it makes a very striking appearance, especially when it is approached by water from Dordrecht. It derives its name from the little river Rotte, which runs through the middle of the city, and falls into the Maas. The town is not fortified, but is surrounded by a moat, and has six gates towards the land and four towards the water. The part called the Binnenstad (i.e. the inner town) has many narrow streets, and is separated by the High-street from the outer town (Buitenstad), which contains the fine houses of the rich merchants, and is intersected by numerous canals connected with the river, on which the largest merchantmen can come up and unload at the very doors of the warehouses. Along the Maas are many fine quays, the handsomest of which, called the Boomijes (from the rows of trees with which it is planted), consists of a long row of stately houses facing the river, with a broad and deep canal in the rear, parallel to the river. A canal from Helvoetsluys to Rotterdam was made in the years 1827 to 1830. The iron railway, already completed between Amsterdam and Haarlem, is to be prolonged to Rotterdam. The great church of St. Lawrence contains the tombs of admirals De Witte, Kortenaar, Brukel, De Liefae, and others, most of whom fell in the wars with England and France, between 1660 and 1674. Besides this church there are many churches and chapels of the Dutch and Scotch Calvinists, French Protestants, English Episcopalians, Presbyterians, Baptists, Roman Catholics, a Jews' synagogue, &c. The Exchange is larger and handsomer than that of Amsterdam. The other principal buildings are the townhouse, a very antient edifice, the Admiralty, the Academy, the Dutch theatre, the magazines of the East India Company, and some manufactories. The commerce of Rotterdam extends to all parts of the world, and embraces almost every kind of produce and manufacture. In the year 1840 the number of ships that entered inwards was 1671, of which 1543 were with cargoes amounting to 321,308 tons, and 128 (of 8276 tons) in ballast. The number that cleared outwards VOL. XX.--2 B