The number of ships that arrived in all the ports of Russia in 1839 was, with cargoes, 2426, of 429,214 tons; a ballast, 4192, of 792,166 tons; sailed, 6275, with cargoes of 1,025,642 tons; in ballast 307, of 57,994 tons. The custom-house duties produced, in 1839, 91,889,696 rubles. The following are the chief particulars of the foreign Commerce of Cronstadt and St. Petersburg in 1840:-Ships rrived, 1213 with cargoes, of which 176 with corn, and 256 ith coals, and 163 in ballast; 34 had wintered. The steamer ⚫erformed 42 voyages, and nine new ships were registered: aking a total of 1461, of which 675 were English, and there were probably many from England under other colours. The number of ships that sailed was 1445, of which 736 were bound to England, 15 remained for the winter, and he was sold. Thus it appears that nearly half the import trade, and more than half the export trade, according to the number of the ships, were on English account. The tonnge of the English vessels, is, we believe, greater on an average than that of any others employed in this trade. The value of the goods imported into St. Petersburg in 1840, on which the duty of customs was paid, amounted to 1.026,194 silver rubles (the silver ruble is nearly three shillings and three-pence sterling), including gold and silver to the amount of 3,350,050 silver rubles. The value of the exports on which duty was paid in 1840 was 36,536,814 ilver rubles. The duties of custom raised in 1840 amounted to 15,344,586 silver rubles. Fisheries, see ASTRAKHAN; AZOFF; BALTIC; BLACK SEA; CASPIAN; WHITE SEA; VOLGA. Revenue. The revenues of Russia have increased in an extraordinary degree; Schnitzler estimates them at 312,000,000 rubles, exclusive of the revenues of Livonia, Esthonia, Courland and Finland, and Poland. If we add the contributions in kind, the whole may amount to 1,000,000. The debts, which are of different descriptions different rates of interest, were, in 1833, 863,249,849 rubles; and new loans have since been contracted. The ot may perhaps amount to a thousand millions of rubles, about 40 millions sterling. The Army.-The Russian army is much more numerous In that of France, Austria, or Prussia, and is composed of following corps:-1, Imperial guard: 12 regiments of intry, each of 3 battalions of 800 men, or 28,800; eleven ments of cavalry of 800 men, 8800; artillery and eers, 2800; Cossacks, 800: in all, 41,200. 2, Infantry the line, a, 138 regiments, each of 2400; in all, 331,200; garrison troops, 104,032. 3, Regular cavalry: a, cuisiers, 20 regiments, 20,000 men; b, light cavalry; 64 ments of hussars and dragoons, 64,000 men: in all 84,000. Artillery, 40,000; engineers, 10,500: making a grand 'al of 612,000. To these are to be added 38 regiments of gular Cossacks, 19,000; 18 regiments of Don Cossacks, .000 men; 10 regiments of Tschernomorsk Cossacks, 000; 10 regiments of Ural Cossacks, 10,000; 3 regiments Cossacks of the Volga, 3000; Siberian Cossacks, Calmucks, artars, Bashkirs, Caucasians, 40,000: in all, 100,000. These irregular troops are not to be reckoned as belonging the standing army. We must observe that the numbers, ough officially given, cannot be implicitly relied on; being en rather the proper full complement, than the number really effective men. The Navy is divided into five squadrons, 2 in the Black a, and 3 in the Baltic, called the Blue, White, and Red Ladrons; each squadron consists of 1 ship of the line of 110 guns, 2 of 84, 6 of 74, 6 frigates, and some lighter vessels. The 3 Baltic squadrons are supposed to be always complete and ready for service. There is also the galley fleet of the Baltic, consisting of 20 galleys with 320 guns, 25 floating batteries with 160 guns, 81 gun-boats with 162 guns, and 88 smaller vessels; the squadron of 40 gun-boats of the Black Sea; the flotilla of the Caspian, consisting of 6 vessels of 6 to 18 guns, and 11 galliots; and the flotilla of Kamtchatka and Ochotzk, consisting of 3 vessels of 10 to 15 guns, and 8 galliots. These vessels are manned with 33,000 sailors, 9000 marines, and 3000 artillerymen. The navy has probably been increased since the publication of this official statement. Education. It is a fact which must not be lost sight of, that in Russia civilization and the instruction of the people have originated with the government, which has given the impulse to the nation, and consequently impressed the system of public education with one uniform stamp. The following extract from a manifesto of the emperor Nicholas, of the 13th of July, 1826, shows the spirit of the system now pursued: 'Let the fathers of families direct all their attention to the moral education of their children. It is certainly not to the progress of civilization, but to vanity, which produces only idleness and vacuity of mind, to the want of real instruction, that we must attribute the licentiousness of thought, those unbridled passions, that confused and fatal half-knowledge, that tendency to extreme theories and political visions, which begin with demoralizing and end by ruining their victims. Let the fear of God, and solid and patriotic instruction, be the basis of all hope of improvement, the first duty of all classes.' The institutions for public education are-I. The public schools of all classes under the minister of public instruction. These are-1, the parish schools; 2, district schools; 3, gymnasia; 4, the universities. II. The military schools. III. Ecclesiastical schools. IV. Special schools depending on different branches of the administration. Each university has three faculties-philosophy, jurisprudence, and medicine; and has several governments attached to it. The following is the state of the universities for 1839: At Odessa there are three public institutions, viz. :-The Richelieu Lyceum, 18 professors and 57 students; ditto, Demidoff, 20 professors and 54 students; ditto, Besborodko, 18 professors and 45 students. White Russia, consisting of 6 governments, has 13 gymnasia, 2 noble boarding-schools, 16 district and 143 parish schools-in all 239 schools, with 11,530 scholars. Including the universities and the lyceums, the whole of the establishments under the minister of public instruction was, in 1839, 1905, with 97,912 pupils. Many schools have been founded in the Transcaucasian provinces, but the number of pupils is inconsiderable, probably not exceeding 1400. 2. The military schools, under the direction of the grandduke Michael, contain about 9000 scholars; the naval schools about 2500 scholars. The military schools of all classes have 18,000 scholars. 3. The ecclesiastical schools of the Greek church were, in 1836, 384 in number, containing 58,586 scholars. The schools of the Roman Catholics, Protestants, &c. were 317, with 8803 scholars. 4. Special schools are under the several ministers; such as the establishments of the empress Maria, those under the reigning empress, and those under the grand-duchess Helen, besides the German, Tartar, and Jewish schools. The special schools are 1622 in number, and contain 127,864 pupils. The government contributes 10,000,000 rubles to their support. about Population.-Various causes contribute to render the statement of the population very inaccurate and imperfect. The census in general gives the number of males only, from which the number of females is estimated according to the ascertained proportion in other countries. 2 K 2 |