The Akulinovshcheena are a sect founded by a woman of the name of Akulina. They form a kind of spiritual community. They release, by a certain formality, the monks and priests who join them from their vows, and are accused of living a life of great profligacy. The Choovstvenniki, or Sentimentalists, are a sect founded by a monk called Benedict, who ran away from his convent. They require nothing more than unity among those of the antient faith (that is, who follow the unrevised books), and they teach that whoever keeps to that antient faith is in the right way to salvation, and that it matters little whether he is or is not baptised afresh, or whether he belongs to the sect which has priests or to that which has none. Their number is not considerable, and many of them incline to Deism. this mode is only a legitimate, artistical, or aesthetical imitation, suggested by accident or defects. The expression, originally derived from rudeness and coarseness of execution, from large stones irregularly put together, without their edges being smoothed and fitted to each other, is here only partially retained so as to indicate boldness and strength, and also a certain attention to finish and to regularity in the symmetrical arrangement of the courses and stones. There is a studied intention manifested, which prevents our confounding the imitation with what furnished the hint for it. Although the preceding remarks partake more of criticism than of explanation, they may have their use here, if only as serving to correct a prejudice or misconception likely to be occasioned by the term itself as expressive of The Doochobortzee, or 'combatants in spirit,' are a sect rude strength to the utter exclusion of anything like rewhich has much resemblance to the Quakers and the Men- finement or grandeur, of richness or studied symmetry and nonists. They never take an oath, and they shed no blood. regularity. In reality however rustication contributes in an They entertain Unitarian opinions, and admit only the New eminent degree to richness of surface, and it was accordTestament. They have neither churches nor priests, and ingly frequently employed by the antients-by the Romans in their devotions make use only of the Lord's Prayer. This at least, not only in those works which were characterised sect became known under the reign of the empress Anne by massiveness and by a certain degree of rudeness, such (1730-40), at Moscow and other towns, and a commission as amphitheatres, bridges, &c., but on the exterior of temwas appointed to inquire into their tenets. Its origin is in-ples and other edifices, on which the most finished decoravolved in darkness, and it is not improbable that it may be tion was bestowed. For not only does rusticating the face of very antient date. Under the reigns of Catharine II. and of the walls occasion contrast, and thereby tend to set off Paul they were persecuted, but they bore their oppression columns or pilasters to greater advantage, but the lines and with a really Christian meekness and resignation. The shadows so produced remove that blankness which might emperor Alexander granted them toleration, and offered otherwise attend too much uniform plain surface. Unto assign them lands for cultivation in the deserts of Southern doubtedly it is a very great excellence in masonry, and a Russia. They willingly accepted that offer, and they great beauty in itself, when the facing of a wall is uniformly formed, by their industry, flourishing settlements in the smooth and even in colour, and the stones are put together uncultivated but fertile steppes. with such extreme nicety that the joints can hardly be detected. Still the beauty so produced depends in some degree on that of the material itself-on its texture and colour, for were smoothness alone a particular merit, it may be obtained either by stucco or painting; in which case the uniformity of surface and the absence of joints rather detract from than add to beauty. The sect of the Bogomiles, which was well known in the Greek empire, and of which a description is given by Mosheim and other ecclesiastical historians, is said to exist among the Raskolniks of Russia, and this circumstance leads to the supposition that some other sects comprehended under the above-mentioned appellation may have a similar origin. There are also many fanatics who inflict on themselves the same mutilation that Origen did; and frequent instances of such acts of fanaticism have recently occurred in several parts of Russia. There are still many less important sects of the Raskolniks, which are distinguished by some absurd rites or observances. All the sects are confined to the lower classes, and, notwithstanding the progress of civilization, they are rather increasing than decreasing. This must be ascribed to their great zeal for making proselytes, and to the cireumstances that any person who will join them and adopt their persuasion, submitting to all their superstitious observances, is sure of the kindest reception and support, whatever may have been his former conduct. Although they are no longer persecuted on account of their religion, they are only tolerated, and have no legal existence. Their elergy are not acknowledged by the government as such, and do not enjoy the privileges which are enjoyed in Russia not only by the clergy of all Christian persuasions, but even by Mohammedan mollahs. The account of these sects is chiefly extracted from a Russian work, entitled 'Description of Antient and Modern Raskolniks,' &c., published under the authority of the government, by a priest of the established church, who was for a long time a member of one of those sects, and had much intercourse with different sectarians. It is how. ever impossible to vouch for the correctness of all his state Besides being different from plain masonry, rustication admits of exceedingly great variety, both in regard to design and execution, and of great diversity of character, from severity and heaviness to studied elegance. The most obvious distinction is that arising from the surfaces of the rustics, according as they are either plain or rough; and if the former, they may be either smooth, or hammer-dressed, i.e. left slightly chipped; else tooled, or with the marks of the chisel. Or if intended to be rough, the rustics may be vermiculated, hatched, or frosted. The first of these modes is produced by cutting deep hollows into the surface, the second by making it jagged and rugged, while the third consists in giving a delicate crispness like frost-work to the stone. As regards jointing, there are two modes: one in which the channels between the stones are grooved, or form rectangular sinkings; the other in which they are chamfered, that is, the edges of the stones are bevelled off in such manner that the section of the joints forms a rectangular triangle. Neither are the above by any means all the varieties, as will be seen by some examples at the end of this article, which cannot be very well explained without cuts. Great variety of character and design may further be produced by an intermixture of the different modes,-for instance, by smooth and rough rustics together, or by different kinds of rusticating for different stories, the bolder and coarser being placed below and the more delicate above, as is in a certain degree exemplified in the basement of the Excise-Office, London, which consists of two stories, the lowermost having rough, the upper one smooth rustics. Italian architecture presents many fine studies and examples of rusticated work; and indeed its productions of that class possess infinitely more artistic merit than many of its columnar façades, where the orders are generally insipid, and sometimes so insignificant that the columns themselves are nearly the most trifling features in the design. The Florentine style-which, it may be observed, is the direct antithesis of the Palladian-shows what may be accomplished by little more than rustication alone. If it be severe, it is also simple, yet rich and grand and digni fied; on which account, we should hardly hesitate to say that, unlike as it is in its forms, it possesses more of antique feeling, more of the sentiment of Grecian architecture than is to be found in many buildings professedly Grecian and adorned with Greek orders. Nevertheless the Florentine No. 1. Rustics with rectangular joints or channels. Rustication however is now almost entirely banished from architectural design, or else an exceedingly poor and spurious kind of it is substituted, in which only shallow horizontal joints, or rather stripes, are shown, which, besides producing a most meagre and monotonous effect, give a wall the appearance of being faced with planks instead of built of blocks of stone bonded together. The exterior of Goldsmiths' Hall, London, is materially injured by the extreme poverty of the lower floor, which has merely a few horizon-horizontal rusticating, without vertical joints, has generally tal streakings, without either moulded dressings or any kind of border or finishing to the windows. The lower windows, on the contrary, of the garden-front of the Travellers' Clubhouse are bordered with rough rusticated quoins, while the faces of the other rustics are smooth; which produces a most pleasing variety and contrast. Both in that and the adjoining Reform Clubhouse, Mr. Barry has given some tasteful specimens of rustic quoining, which differs from rustication merely in the rustics being applied only at the angles of a building, where they serve not only to give an expression of greater strength, but also to show that the It is a very design is completed and there terminates. great error to suppose that rusticated work is incompatible with elegance and elaborate finish. It is true that it admits of great rudeness and severity of character, but it also admits of the most studied and elaborate finish. So far too from requiring less care and accuracy than usual, the arrangement of the courses and rustics so as to combine them in perfect symmetry with arches, windows, &c., is a work of more thought and labour than would suffice for designing half a dozen Grecian porticos. Much of the beauty of rusticated fronts depends upon the form and proportions of the arches or openings, and on the arrangement, &c. of the rustics which form the voussoirs either to arched or straightheaded windows. Occasionally, moulded archivolts are substituted for radiating voussoirs, but the effect is not good, because they cut the horizontal joints of the courses very disagreeably; which, it may be observed, is likewise the case where the voussoirs form an extrados either concentric with the arch, or making a more elevated curve, as in most of the Florentine examples. It is far better to make the voussoirs elbowed, so as to unite with the horizontal courses, whereby the whole looks firmly bonded together. Sometimes imposts to arches are omitted altogether, or if there be such member, it is usually a mere plat-band, although occasionally it is moulded. In arches the keystone may either be similar or distinguished from the other voussoirs; which last may be done in a variety of ways, although the most usual one is to cut it into the form of a console, or else enrich it with a mask sculptured upon it, of which kind are the keystones to the arches of the Strand front of Somerset House, representing the nine principal rivers of England, personified as old men. Bossages is a term more particularly applied to rusticated cinctures on the shafts of columns, which may be either square or cylindrical, but should not greatly exceed the diameter of the shaft itself, more especially in the former case. Columus of this kind ought invariably to be engaged, and the wall behind them of course rusticated also. In such case the cinctures serve as ligatures to bind and incorporate them with the rest, whereas insulated columns with blocks upon their shafts are equally unmeaning and uncouth. The same remark applies to rustic blocks stuck at intervals upon the architraves of doors and windows, as for instance those of St. Martin's church, London, although there is no rusticating in that building. Of columns with bossages or rusticated cinctures, the two arches within the court of Somerset House are a tastefully-designed and well-executed example. The following are some of the varieties of rusticating ve referred to, drawn sufficiently large to show the pre: form and section of the joints or grooves: Rustics of this kind have always plain faces. French or rectangular channels; this sort of rusticating, or pseudorusticating with horizontal joints only, has of late years almost superseded the other modes in this country, where it has been still further impoverished by making the channel: broad and shallow, and the courses so deep that there are only a few horizontal streaks along the face of a wall. No. 2 is an instance of chamfered joints and vermiculated rustics, bordered, that is, having a plain surface around their faces. No. 2. No. 3 shows an example of Florentine rusticating with moulded channels, the effect of which is particularly rich Of this kind is the rustic work of the Königsbau at Munich. [MUNICH.] One of the rustics is facetted in the cut, in order to give an example of that mode in rusticated quoins. No. 3. No. 4 is another mode peculiar to the Florentine style. in which the rustics are facetted, or cut so as to form four triangular surfaces. It is not used throughout, but only the lower course, forming a sort of dado to the building This example is from the same building as the preceding. from the endocarp; leaves without stipules, opposite, or alternate, simple, deeply lobed or pinnate, and covered commonly with pellucid resinous dots. They are trees, small shrubs, or herbaceous plants. i., ii.) At the end of the harvest, Ruth, under Naomi's direction, claimed of Boaz the rights which he owed ber as her nearest kinsman, or Goël, namely, marriage, and the redemption of her father-in law's estate. Boaz, after first ascertaining that a person who was nearer of kin to Ruth than himself declined to act as the Goël, married her (chaps. iii., iv.), and thus became the ancestor of David (iv., 18-22). The history of Ruth seems to have been inserted in the sacred canon as a necessary link in establishing the pure genealogy of David, and consequently of the Messiah; and perhaps also to furnish a record of the fact that one of the Messiah's ancestors was a Gentile, thus intimating the great truth that the Gentiles were to have a part in the highest privileges of the Jews. In the antient Jewish canon this book forms a part of the Book of Judges, because the events exact date is however uncertain, but most probably the famine mentioned in verse 1 is that which happened in the time of Gideon, about B.C. 1241. It is generally supposed to have been written by the prophet Samuel. The style is marked by a touching simplicity, and some parts of it are very pathetic. (The Introductions of Jahn, Eichhorn, De Wette, and Horne.) This order embraces the Rutea and Diosmeæ of A. de Jussieu, which are now made the principal sections of Rutaces. Ruteæ are known by their seeds containing albumen, and by the sarcocarp of the fruit not being separable from the endocarp. In Diosmeæ the seeds have no albumen, and the sarcocarp and endocarp are separable into distinct bodies when the fruit is ripe. A. St. Hilaire says that the observation of the adhesion of the sarcocarp and endocarp in Ruteæ has been made on unripe specimens of the plants, and that when ripe they are as separable as in Diosmeæ; whatever may be the real state of the case, the two sections are too obviously related in structure and gene-recorded in it happened during the rule of the Judges. Its ral properties to permit of so slight differences elevating them into the importance of distinct natural orders. Rutacea agree with Aurantiace in their dotted leaves, definite stamens, and fleshy disk. With Xanthoxylaceæ, Simarubacex, and Humiriacea, they have also many points of analogy. They are closely allied to Zygophyllacea through Peganum, which Jussieu and other writers place amongst Rutacea. They are found in the South of Europe, and in RUTHERFORD, DANIEL, was born at Edinburgh, in our hemisphere extend as far as the limits of the Old November, 1749, and was educated at the university of his World. Diosma and allied genera are found at the Cape of native city. In 1772 he took his degree of M.D., and it was Good Hope. Australia possesses Boronias, Phebaliums, in the thesis which he printed upon this occasion, entitled Correas, &c.; and great numbers are found in the equi-De Aere Mephitico,' that he announced the discovery for noctial regions of America. which he is chiefly remembered, of the gas which has since been called azote or nitrogen; for Rutherford merely indicated its existence as a pecular air, and neither gave it any name nor explained its properties. The same discovery was also made about the same time by Dr. Priestley, and was announced by him in his paper 'On the Different Kinds of Air,' which obtained the Copley medal, and was published in the Philosophical Transactions' for 1772. Dr. Ruther ford was admitted a fellow of the Edinburgh College of Physicians in 1777, and in 1786 he was appointed professor of botany in the university. He died 15th November, 1819. Many of the plants of this order emit a powerful and usually offensive odour from the glands that cover their whole surface. These glands are sometimes so full of a volatile oil, that in hot weather the atmosphere surrounding the plant becomes charged with it, so that a lighted taper brought near the plant will cause the air to inflame. This is especially the case with Dictamnus. The Diosmas, or Bucku plants, are used in medicine as antispasmodics. The celebrated Angostura bark is produced by a plant (Galipea officinalis) (GALIPEA] belonging to this order. Ruta graveolens. n, Ihed fruit surrounding the central axis; b, section of a seed showing the lylug in the centre of the albumen; c, flower showing a double row of stamene, concrete carpels, and rim of the disk. RUTH (). BOOK OF, a canonical book of the Od Testament, consisting of a narrative, of which the 1ing is an outline:-During a famine, which happened in the time of the Judges, a man of Bethlehem dah, named Elimelech, removed into the country of 11, with his wife Naomi and two sons. The sons took of the daughters of Moab, and they and their father The famine in Judah having now ceased, Naomi es out to return thither with her daughters-in-law, Orpah Ruth. On the journey she gave them the choice of turning to their homes. Orpah returned, but Ruth clave It was harvest-time when they arrived at BethNaomi sent Ruth to glean in the fields of her Simelech's wealthy kinsman, Boaz, who was the maiden, and showed her kindness (clap. .. RUTHERFORTH, THOMAS, D.D., was born in the parish of Papworth-Everard, Cambridgeshire, in the year 1712. Having taken his degree and obtained a fellowship in St. John's College, Cambridge, he was appointed Regius Professor of Divinity in the University, and created D.D. He was afterwards elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and obtained the preferments of the rectory of Barley in Hertfordshire, Shenfield in Essex, and the archdeaconry of Essex. He died in Oct. 1771. Besides single sermons and charges to the clergy, Dr. Rutherforth is the author of the following works:-'Orda Institutionum Physicarum, in privatis suis Lectionibus," Camb., 1743, sm. 4to.; Essay on the Nature and Obligations of Virtue,' Lond., 1744, 8vo. ; 'A System of Natural Philosophy, being a Course of Lectures on Mechanics, Optics, Hydrostatics, and Astronomy,' Camb., 1748, 2 vols 4to.; A Letter to Dr. Middleton, in Defence of Bishop Sherlock on Prophecy,' 1750, 8vo.; A Discourse on Miracles,' 1751, 8vo.; Institutes of Natural Law, being the substance of a Course of Lectures on Grotius De Jure Belli et Pacis, read in St. John's College, Cambridge,' Loud.. 1754-56, 2 vols. 8vo. A list of his sermons, tracts, and charges is given in Watt's Bibliotheca Britannica. RUTILIUS LUPUS, a Roman rhetorician, who was a contemporary of Quinctilian (Quinct., Inst. Orat., ui, 1, p. 150, Bipont), but of whose life we have no particulars. We possess a small treatise of his on rhetoric, entitled De Figuris Sententiarum et Elocutionis;' which we learn from Quinctilian (ix. 2, p. 152) was taken from a work of a contemporary of the name of Gorgias, in four books. The treatise of Rutilius does not appear to have come down to us in the same state in which he wrote it. It is now divided into two books, whereas Quinctilian says that it was only in one. It is several times quoted by Quinctilian, and is still valuable for the quotations which it contains from writers now lost. The work of Rutilius was originally published by Roscius Ferrariensis, Venet., 1519, 8vo., and afterwards by Ruhnken, Lug. Bat., 1768, Svo., the latter of which was republished by Frotscher, Lips., 1831, 8vo. There is also an edition by F. Jacob, Lub., 1837, 8vo. RUTILIUS NUMATIA'N US, CLAUDIUS, a Roman poet at the beginning of the fifth century of the Christian æra, was a native of Gaul, and held at Rome the high offices of magister officiorum or palatii, and præfectus urbi. Having occasion to return to his native country, he gave an account of his voyage, in a poem entitled Itinerarium,' written in elegiac verse, and consisting of two books, of which the greater part of the latter is lost. Rutilius made the voyage in a small vessel, which put into shore during the night and sailed again in the morning. He describes with much beauty, and in the genuine spirit of poetry, the towns, ruins, and various objects of nature and art which he saw, and deeply laments the ravages which had been committed by the barbarians of the north. Rutilius was a pagan, and in his voyage gives an account of the monks who lived at CaFraria, and in other parts of his poem makes allusion to the state of Christianity at that time. The poem of Rutilius was first printed in 1520, Bonon., 4to. The best edition is by Zumpt, published last year (1840). Other useful editions are by Damm, Brandenb., 1760, 8vo.; by Kappius, Erlang., 1786, 8vo. ; and by Gruber, Norimb., 1804, 8vo. bounds the county on the south-west, and joins the Welland just below Rockingham. The Wreak, which joins the Soar, a feeder of the Trent, rises in Rutlandshire near Oakham, and flows northward through the vale of Catmoss into Leicestershire; it drains a small district in the north-west part of the county, which is thus included in the basin of the Humber. The Oakham canal is a prolongation of the Melton Mowbray navigation, from Melton Mowbray in Leicestershire to Oakham. It follows a circuitous course, passing through the vale of Catmoss, and has a total length of fifteen miles, of which about six miles and a half are in Rutlandshire, all on the same level. The principal roads are, the mail road from London to Melton Mowbray, and the Great North road. The former enters the county on the south side just beyond Rockingham in Northamptonshire, and runs northward through Uppingham and Oakham into Leicestershire. The Great North road crosses the eastern side of the county between Stamford and Grantham. A road from Leicester to Stamford crosses the county from west to east, passing through Uppingham, and following the valley of the Welland; and two roads run from Oakham into the Great North road, one at Stamford, the other at Stretton between Stamford and Grantham. RUTLANDSHIRE, an inland county of England, bounded on the north and north-east by Lincolnshire, on the south-east and south by Northamptonshire, and on the west by Leicestershire. It is of compact form; the greatest length is from north-east near Essendine, on the road between Stamford and Bourne, to south-west near Belton, near the road from Uppingham to Leicester, nearly 19 Agriculture.-The_county of Rutland, although the miles; the greatest breadth at right angles to the length is smallest in extent in England, is of some importance in an from the bank of the little river Eye near Whissendine, to agricultural point of view. The climate is that of the midthe bank of the Welland at Tixover, 14 miles. The area is land counties of England, and differs in no perceptible estimated at 149 square miles; the population, in 1821, was degree from that of the surrounding counties of Leicester, 18,487; in 1831, 19,385; showing an increase in ten years Northampton, and Lincoln. Compared with the larger counof 898 persons, or about 5 per cent., and giving 130 inhabit-ties, it is altogether a small district, containing only about ants to a square mile. In size and amount of population, 90,000 acres of land; but as a proof of the state of the culit is far below the rest of the English counties: its area is tivation, it is observed in the Agricultural Report to the little more than half that of Middlesex (282 square miles), Board of Agriculture' in 1808, that there is little or no waste the next county to it in size; and its inhabitants are not land in the county. Of the whole surface, one-half was then much more than one-third of those of Huntingdonshire in pastures, only about one-thirtieth in woods, and in the (pop. 53,192), the next county to it in population. In whole county only 30 acres of waste, which probably are density of population, it is the thirty-fifth of English coun- long since cultivated in some way or other. Rutlandshire ties; being next below Huntingdonshire, but exceeding the is one of the grazing-counties, in which much attention has five counties of Hereford, Lincoln, Northumberland, Cum- been paid to rearing choice animals, both oxen and sheep. berland, and Westmoreland. Oakham, the county town, is There are many wealthy proprietors in the county, who more in the vale of Catmoss, on the western side of the county; or less encourage agriculture in all its branches. The soil is 85 miles in a direct line north by west of the General Post mostly of a good quality; and the face of the country agreeably office, London, or 96 miles by the road through Barnet, diversified, affording good sites for country-seats, parks, and Bedford, Higham Ferrers, and Uppingham. pleasure-grounds: and the richness of some of the natural pastures have no doubt made it, from an early date, the residence of the richer clergy and gentry. The best pastures are on the lias clay, which, with a portion of oolite, red sand, and magnesian limestone, form the principal soils of the county. The pastures are very similar to those of Northamptonshire, and there is no great peculiarity in the cattle and sheep bred or fed in them. The pure shorthorns are the general favourites with those who pay particular attention to their stock; and the crosses with these are so frequent and repeated, that no other breed can be considered as so well established, they having almost entirely superseded the long-horns. There are however other breeds to be frequently met with, bred in other parts of the country, and purchased for the sake of grazing, such as a few North Devon, Hereford, and Scotch oxen. The milch-cows are chiefly short-horns. Surface, Geology, Hydrography, and Communications.The north-eastern part of the county consists of a somewhat elevated plain or table-land, skirted on the southern side by the valley of the Wash, which opens on the west into the more expanded vale of Catmoss, a name derived by Camden from CoetMaes, Celtic words signifying a wooded plain. The rest of the county consists of valleys whose general direction is east and west, divided from each other by narrow ranges of low hills. There are no very elevated points in the county; Manton, between Oakham and Uppingham, is said to be the highest. The county is included in the district occupied by the lower formations of the oolitic series. The great oolite forms the north-eastern table-land above mentioned, and occupies also the higher ground on the eastern side of the county from Stamford to within two miles east of Uppingham: the prevailing rock is a close-grained buff limestone clouded with blue. The remainder of the county is occupied by the red or reddish-brown ferruginous sands which separate the great oolite from the subjacent lias. These are covered in many places, especially near their junction with the lias, which takes place just on the north-western border of the county, by vast accumulations of transported blocks of gravel. There are quarries of good building-stone at Ketton, between Stamford and Uppingham, just on the border of the district occupied by the great colite. Rutlandshire belongs chiefly to the basin of the Wash. The Welland, one of the rivers flowing into that æstuary, skirts the county on the south-east side, between Rockingham and Stamford, separating it throughout from Northamptonshire. This river is not navigable above Stamford, where it quits the county altogether. The river Guash, or Wash, rises just within the border of Leicestershire, and flows eastward through this county into Lincolnshire, where it joins the Welland just below Stamford. The river Chater also rises in Leicestershire, and flows parallel to the Wash: it joins the Welland just above Stamford. The Eye brook There are some low meadows subject to be flooded along the rivers Welland, Guash, and Chater. The first of these having but little fall, the water goes off very slowly from the flat meadows by the side of it; hence the herbage is not of the best quality, and sheep fed there are apt to rot, which they seldom or never are subject to in the upland pastures. Few attempts have been made to produce regularly irrigated water-meadows. It is the opinion of graziers that the good pastures in this county will produce from 40 to 50 stone of meat per acre every year, which gives a return of 61. or 81. per acre gross. The rent consequently may fairly be reckoned worth from 50s. to 4l. per acre, including poorrates and tithes. But no such rent is paid for any considerable portion. The farms were formerly of small extent, but they have been increased by joining two or more into one occupation. The sheep are chiefly of the improved Leicester breed. There are a few flocks of South-downs; but on the richest pastures the Leicester are the most profitable, although the South-down wethers, when moderately fat, produce by far the best mutton. This is the reason why many opulent 2 N 2 |