proprietors prefer them; while the farmers, for profit, keep the Leicester, which fatten rapidly and at an early age. The improved mode of feeding sheep with turnips cut into long strips by a machine, assisted with corn or oil-cake, is gradually gaining ground on the best farms, and is one of the greatest improvements introduced of late years. The housing, or at least sheltering, the sheep, especially the breeding ewes, in wet and inclement weather, is not yet sufficiently attended to; nor is the saving in food by this means sufficiently appreciated by the farmers. There is however a spirit of improvement abroad which cannot fail to produce rapid advances in all branches of husbandry. The farm horses are not of the most active kind, although they are large, and some very strong dray-horses have been bred in the county, and sold to dealers for the London market after having been moderately worked for a year or two. But for general farm-work they are far inferior to the Suffolk or to the active Clydesdale horses. Farmers do not always consider that time is money, and that he who can perform his work in the least time, at the same expense, has more time left for additional work. In harvest, especially, a team which will go with a loaded cart or waggon at the rate of three miles or more in an hour, and trot back empty six miles in the hour, will clear a field twice as soon as those which move little more than two miles in the hour either way. There being no very considerable dairies in the county, no particular breed of pigs is peculiar to it. The hogs which are fatted are mostly of the Berkshire or Suffolk breed. Some gentlemen and farmers have taken pains to improve their breeds by crosses with the Chinese and Neapolitan; and these two superior breeds have been so frequently used of late years to render the native breeds more prolific and Siner in the skin, that very few fine pigs are to be met with without some portion of Chinese or Neapolitan blood in them; and the infusion of a little foreign blood has considerably increased their aptitude to get fat, while some attention to the shape and smallness of the bone has produced a very manifest improvement in general. The arable land was formerly but indifferently cultivated, as was the case in most parts of the country where grazing was the principal object of the farmer: but by the enclosure of common fields, and the extended cultivation of turnips, of which the value for the cattle in winter is now fully appreciated, a much greater quantity of corn is produced than would, at one time, have been thought possible; and by means of under-draining and an improved husbandry, the land which will produce good crops of turnips, especially the Swedish, is daily increasing. The plough in general use is one with two unequal wheels attached to the beam, which has of late received the name of the Rutland plough, although it is common to all the adjoining counties. It is often drawn by three horses; but the best farmers begin to use only two, and find, that, if the ground be occasionally stirred to a considerable depth by the subsoil plough, and heavy scarifiers, with four, or even six horses, all the common ploughings, even in the heaviest soils, can be accomplished with a light plough and two horses abreast; and that the work is done better, more rapidly, and at less expense. The course of crops varies according to the nature of the soil; on the lighter soils, turnips, barley, and clover are succeeded by wheat, with an occasional crop of peas. On the heavier, oats and beans are introduced instead of barley or peas, with a naked fallow. The best farmers avoid two white crops in succession; but those who are tempted, by the apparent profit, to have barley after the wheat, and some of the old school cannot resist it, on fine rich soils, find, that what they have apparently gained by a catch crop, as it is called, is dearly paid for in the end, by the deficiency in those which come after, especially the clover and turnips, two crops which never are so sure and so profitable as on land which is in very good bart, There are several extensive woods in Rutlandshire, conwiring fine oak, ash, and other timber. The amount of the whole is stated, in the survey in 1808, at nearly 3000 acres. But they have not improved since that time: the high price of timber during the war has caused many of the finest trees to be cut, and there is now little timber fit for navy purposes in the county; and there being no wastes, the og has been confined to ornamental plantations. a considerable quantity of coppice-wood, which is / twelve or sixteen years; and it is the opinion of some very experienced surveyors, that a well managed coppice, with a few trees interspersed, is much more pr.1able than a close plantation of oaks, however well manage, when the rapid growth of the coppice-wood is taken i consideration. Ash, chesnut, whitethorn, and hornled are the sorts to be preferred for a coppice. tagers, which, where it has been judiciously done, has adde In some places allotments of land have been let to ext much to their comfort, and stimulated industry by giving employment to women and children. The following fairs are held in Rutlandshire:-Oakham, first Monday after Plough-Monday; Monday after Februa week; last Saturday but one in July; Monday after 14; Monday after April 6; May 6; Saturday in Whitst August 13; September 9; Monday after October 11; M› 1.day after November 11; second Monday in Decem! .. Uppingham, March 7; July 7. Divisions, Towns, &c.-The divisions of the county are as follows: Name. Wrandyke Hundred S. and S.E. There are only two market-towns, Oakham and Upping ham. of Catmoss. It had an antient castle, erected probably Oakham, or Okeham, is in Oakham Soke, in the ve by Walcheline De Ferreris, a younger branch of the fara y of de Ferrars, to whom Henry II. had granted the mai. The manor and castle repeatedly reverted to the crown, and were again repeatedly granted. Among the possessors of III.; Edmund, earl of Kent, brother of Edward II.; De them were: Richard, king of the Romans, brother of Henry Richard II.; Thomas of Woodstock, uncle to the sam Vere, earl of Oxford and duke of Ireland, favourite of king; Humphrey, duke of Buckingham, the supporter and victim of Richard III.; Thomas Cromwell, earl of Essex: and George Villiers, duke of Buckingham, the witty and profligate favourite of Charles II. Of this castle, the countyhall, in which the assizes are held, and the other busines of the county and the town transacted, is a remain: the other parts are in ruins. The architecture is of late Norman or very early English. The gate of the castle-yard and the lord of the manor being authorized by antient grant or interior of the county-hall are covered with horse-shoes; the custom to demand of every peer, on first passing through the lordship, a shoe from one of his horses, or a sum of money to purchase one in lieu of it. Some of these shoes are shoes given by queen Elizabeth, by the late duke of are gilt, and stamped with the donor's name. Among them York, and by George IV., when prince regent. habited by 524 families, beside 29 uninhabited houses, and The number of houses in the parish, in 1831, was 520, in10 building. The population was 2390, about one fourth agricultural. The area of the parish is 3130 acres. The town consists of neatly-built houses. The church is a large edifice, mostly of perpendicular character. It has a fiue tower and spire; the latter is said to have been erected by Roger Flore, who died A.D. 1483. There is a library cannected with this church, of about 200 vols. folio, consisting chiefly of the decrees of councils, the fathers, schoolmen, and other divines. There is a school-house in the churchyard for the richly endowed grammar-school, and connected with it is a building originally used as an hospital for aged men, but now occupied by the master of the grammarschool and his boarders. There are meeting-houses for Wesleyans, Independents, and Baptists. There is a gard and house of correction for the county in an open spot near the castle. The Oakham canal affords facilities for supplying the districts. The market, which is on Saturday, is a guod town with coal, and for sending corn to the manufacturing corn-market; and there are three yearly fairs of antient institution, and eight of modern date, for cattle. The assizes and quarter-sessions are held here; and the court of cleetion for the county members. It is the only polling-station Langham, Brooke, and Silverstone, of the clear yearly value of 918, with a glebe-house, in the gift of the dean and chapter of Westminster. A.D 1619. There were, in 1833, twelve day-schools, with 365 children; including the grammar-school with 40 boys, and a national-school with 54 boys and 30 girls. There were three Sunday-schools, with 255 children, besides the national school, the children of which attended also on Sunday. Jeffiey Hudson, the well-known dwarf (introduced by Sir W. Scott, in his 'Peveril of the Peak'), was born at Oakham, Uppingham is in Martinsley hundred, six miles south of Oakham, at the intersection of the Melton mail-road with the cross-road from Leicester to Stamford. The area of the parish is 1210 acres. It had, in 1831, 342 houses, inhabited by 358 families, and 7 houses uninhabited. The town consists chiefly of one street, tolerably well paved, with an open area in the centre. The houses are in general good, and the appearance of the place is superior to that of Oakham. The church is large, with a lofty spire, and contains several interesting portions. The free grammar-school house is a neat and plain building, at one end of the churchyard; and there is an hospital for poor men. These institutions, which are well endowed, were, as well as the grammar-school and hospital at Oakham, founded by Robert Johnson, archdeacon of Leicester, A D. 1584. There are two dissenting meeting-houses. The population of Uppingham, in 1831, was 1757, about one-fifth agricultural. There is a market on Wednesday; and there are two yearly fairs for horses, cattle, and sheep, and coarse linens. Races are held on a course called the Brand, just south of the town. The living is a rectory, of the clear yearly value of 6617., with a glebe-house, in the gift of the bishop of London. There were in 1833 six dame-schools, with 90 children; six other day-schools, with 266 scholars, including the free grammar-school with 32 boys, and a national school with 100 boys and 66 girls; and two Sunday-schools, with 161 children. Divisions for Ecclesiastical and Legal Purposes.-The county is included in the archdeaconry of Northampton, and diocese of Peterborough. It comprehends the rural deaneries of Alstow, Oakham-Soca, Rutland or Martinsley, East Hundred, and Wrandike. These divisions are coincident or nearly so with the hundreds of the same name. The number of parishes is given in the Population Returns at 52; the number of benefices is given by Mr. Brewer (Beauties of England and Wales) at 49, viz., 31 rectories, 12 vicarages, and 6 chapelries. The county is included in the Midland Circuit; the assizes and quarter-sessions are held at Oakham, where is the eunty gaol. Rutlandshire returns two members to parliament; they are elected and the poll taken at Oakham. There is no other polling-station. History and Antiquities.-This county appears to have been included in the country of the Coritani; and upon the Roman conquest of Britain was included in the province of Flavia Caesariensis. A Roman road, generally considered, though Blore disputes it, to be Ermine-street, crossed the eastern side of the county in the line of the present North road, and a Roman station appears to have existed at Great Casterton, which is just within the boundary of the county, in the neighbourhood of Stamford; but antiquaries are not agreed as to which of the Antonine stations it is to be identified with. There are some remains of the encampment on the south-east side of the present village; it was square, and had an area of about 27 acres, and was defended on the south and west sides by the river Wash. Ermine-street may be traced in the form of a raised bank four or five feet high.. Under the Saxons this county was included in the kingdom of Mercia. From them it appears to have derived its name of Rutland, in Domesday Roteland,' which was erhaps given first to a part only of the present county. This district of Roteland, which was crown land, had been bequeathed by Edward the Confessor to his queen Eadgith or Edith for her life, and, after her decease, to the abbey at Westminster. William the Conqueror however resumed the grant, leaving the tithes to the abbot and monks, and dividing the greater part of the land among his followers. In the reign of John, Rutland, then first mentioned as a County, was assigned to his queen Isabel as part of her dower. In the reign of Edward II. the crown appears to have possessed East Hundred, Martinsley, and Alstoe: Wrandyke belonged to the Beauchamps, earls of Warwick Oakham Soke is not mentioned, and is supposed to have been included in Martinsley hundred. An earl of Rutland is mentioned in a charter of Henry I., but nothing is known of him. The first known earl was Edward, eldest son of Edmund of Langley, who was the fifth son of Edward III. The title was inherited by Richard, duke of York, and by his son, a boy of twelve years of age, who was stabbed by Lord Clifford, after the battle of Wakefield, in which Richard himself fell, A.D. 1460. The earldom was revived by Henry VIII., and conferred on the family of Roos: it afterwards came to the Manners family, in whose favour it was raised to a dukedom, which still exists. Few incidents of historical interest are connected with this county. Wright, in his History of Rutland,' mentions that in 1016 a battle of doubtful issue was fought between the Danes and the Saxons, but the account is at least very doubtful. In A.D. 1381, Henry Le Spencer, bishop of Norwich, assembled a force at Burley in this county to suppress the insurrection of the commons in Norfolk, under John the Litester or Dyer. [NORFOLK, vol. xvi., p. 270.] And in 1468 (according to Grafton's Chronicle), the Lincolnshire insurgents under Sir Robert Welles or Wells were defeated with great loss by Edward IV., at Hornfield in Empingham parish, in this county, beyond Stamford. It may be well to notice here that Grafton ascribes the rebellion to the instigation of the earl of Warwick; and makes the execution of Lord Wells, the father of Sir Robert, the consequence, and not the cause of the rising. [Compare LINCOLNSHIRE, vol. xiv., p. 15.] The battle is commonly known as the battle of Lose-coat-field, from the fugitives throwing off their coats in order to escape more swiftly. The antiquities of the county are chiefly ecclesiastical. Tickencote, Little Casterton, Empingham, Essendine, and Ketton churches, all on the east side of the county, go back to the Norman period. Tickencote has been a very curious specimen of enriched Norman, but it was rebuilt in 1792, and only the elaborately ornamented arch between the nave and chancel, and part of the groining of the chancel; with the font, remain. Before it was rebuilt, it had attracted much attention, and some antiquaries regarded it as of early Saxon date. The church at Little Casterton has a nave, aisles, and chancel, with a gable for two bells at the west end: the piers and arches are late Norman, and the form of the capitals resembles the Roman. The other parts of the church are of various later dates. Empingham church has a nave with aisles, and a transept, with a tower and spire of good composition. The piers and arches of the church are late Norman or early English; the chancel, transepts, and lower part of the tower are early English. Essendine is a small church, with nave and chancel, and a gable for two bells at the western end: the architecture is partly Norman, partly early English: the south door is Norman, enriched with zig-zag moulding and other ornaments. Under the arch are three figures in relief, representing the Saviour supported by two angels: there are sculptures on each side of the door. Ketton is a large cross church, with a tower and lofty spire at the intersection: though some Norman features are intermingled, its general character is early English. The spire, which is ribbed at the angles and perforated by twelve windows, is nearly 180 Of Pickworth feet high, and of beautiful proportions. church there remains a beautiful arch or doorway, with clustered pillars, the capitals of which are adorned with elegantly carved foliage. Ryball church has a tower and spire of early English, with some singular features, (Blore's History of Rutlandshire; Beauties of England and Wales; Rickman's Gothic Architecture; Parliamentary Papers.) STATISTICS. Population. Of 4940 males aged twenty and upwards, only twelve were, in 1831, employed in manufactures, or in making manufacturing machinery. Rutlandshire ranks third in the list of agricultural counties, and of the abovementioned 4940 males, there were 2763 engaged in agricultural pursuits in 1831, namely 1910 as labourers, 429 as occupiers employing labourers, and 424 as occupiers who were not employers of hired agricultural labour. The population of the county in each of the following decennary periods, was,- 2299 1102 13 11 5 1831 8,809, 9 1. The sum raised by the county for local purposes in the year ending 25th of March, 1833, was 12,190l., of which sum 10,9857. was assessed on land; 9387. on houses; 1277. on mills, factories, &c.; and 1397. on manorial profits, navigation, &c. The expenditure for the years ending 25th March, 1834-37-40 was as follows: : 1840. 1834. 183. Relief and maintenance of poor. 9,008 6.1,9 7.246 790 9721 9664 19385 1 4940 the income, including money borrowed, was 58041.; an! the expenditure, including debts paid off, 56107. The debis amounted to about two years' clear annual income (the pro portion of debts for England being equal to 44 years' income and the proportion of unpaid interest was 3 per cent. of the total debt, that for England being 12 per cent. The number of persons charged with criminal offences and committed in the three septennial periods ending 1819-26-33, was 56, 83, and 102, making an annual average in each period of 8, 118 and 145 respectively. The average of the six years from 1834 to 1839 inclusive was 19-5, the total committals for the above years being 117. The num bers for each year were as follows: 1834. 1835. 1836. 1837. 1838. 18.39. 13 Committed 25 15 24 27 Convicted 21 Acquitted 4 The average comparative results presented by the crimina tables for so small a population as Rutlandshire are calcu lated rather to mislead than afford information. For 1ample, in 1835 the proportion of persons committed to the The total saving effected in 1840, compared with 1834, 631, but in 1837 the proportion in Rutlandshire rose to: total population was 1 in 1292, and for England and Wales was 3740, or 33 per cent. The expenditure per head with in 718, the number of committals being 15 in the forme reference to the population in 1831, was 98. 4d. in 1834; year and 25 in the latter. For the last six years the averag 6s. 5d. in 1837; and in 1840, in consequence of the high has been as nearly as possible 1 in 1000, which is a more price of provisions, it rose to 7s. 6d. per head. The number favourable proportion than prevails in any of the eastern or of paupers relieved in 1839 was 1535; and in 1840 there southern agricultural counties. The number of females were 1454 relieved, or 7 per cent. of the total population, being committed does not average more than 2, and in 1839 ther one and one-half under the average for England, and one-half was not one. In 1837-8-9 the proportion of instructed crim. the average for Wiltshire. In 1835 6 the number of bas-nals in Rutlandshire averaged 39 per cent., which was higher tards chargeable to parishes in the county was 1 in 242 of the total population; the proportion for England being 1 in 215, and for some of the Welsh counties less than 1 in 60. In 1830 the number of illegitimate births to the total number of births in the county was 1 in 22; the proportion for England being 1 in 20. The statistics of the highways for the years 1812-13-14, the annual average being taken, were as follows:-Length of paved streets and turnpike roads, 63 miles; all other highways used for wheel-carriages, 254 miles; rates levied for repair of the above, 33271.; composition in lieu of statute duty, 4037.; estimated value of statute labour performed in kind, 2032/. In 1839 the expenditure on the highways, estimated at 267 miles in length, was 46947, the cost of repair per mile being 177. 11s. The number of turnpike trusts in the county in 1834 was four. The total income was 64067., the chief items being 37571. from tolls; 4057. parish composition in lieu of sta tute duty; and 10767. estimated value of statute labour performed. The expenditure amounted to 60817.; and there were bonded debts to the amount of 99007. In 1836 than in any other county, the county of Bedford standing as low as 2.2 per cent. The number of registered electors in the county in 1835 was 1328, and 1373 in 1840. In the latter year there were 858 voters possessing freehold qualifications; 68 copyholders. 9 leaseholders for lives or periods of years; 327 occupying tenants at a rent of 50%. per annum; 24 deriving the right of voting from offices which they enjoyed; and 87 wert were either joint qualifications or double qualifications. There is no savings'-bank in the county. Education.-The summary from the Returns to Parka ment in 1833, in obedience to circulars issued to church wardens and other local authorities throughout England and Wales, might be omitted in the case of this county, a in 1838, under the direction of the Manchester Statistic much more complete statistical inquiry having taken place Society; but for the purpose of comparing the result of the official inquiry with the one last mentioned, the former is given in an abridged form. The most apparent defect in the official returns arises from the impossibility of ascertaining the number of duplicate entries of scholars who attend both day and Sunday schools, and consequently the numbers who are not receiving any education at all cannot be determined. The above official return for Rutlandshire is believed to be more accurate than for any other county. The corrections are therefore less than they would be in other cases. The following statements are taken from the Report of the Manchester Statistical Society: The population of the county, in 1838, was esti mated at 20,000, and the number of children between 5 and 15 years of age at 5000. Of these 3561 were found to be attending either at day or Sunday schools, leaving 1439, or about 29 per cent., not receiving school instruction. Taking the scholars of all ages, it was found that 1117, or about 56 per cent. of the population, attended day and evening schools; 1922, or about 9.6 per cent. of the population attended both day and Sunday schools; and 1274, or bout 64 per cent. of the population, attended Sundayschools only. The dame and common day schools were attended by 625 per cent., and the endowed or charity schools by 826 per cent., of the total population. Out of 46 parishes and 2 hamlets in the county there were only 7 parishes and the 2 hamlets without a Sunday school. Out of 140 schools, all but 14 had been established since 1801; 63 schools had been commenced from 1830 to 1838; and 58 from 1801 to 1830. The following General Summary of Schools and Scholars in the county of Rutland in 1838' is appended to the Manchester Report' (p. 315, vol. ii. of the Journal of the Statistical Society of London). In another Report' of the Manchester Statistical Society, 'On the Condition of the Population in Three Parishes in Rutlandshire, in 1839,' it is stated that 75 persons per cent. were able to read, and 44 per cent. could write, in one parish, and in the two other parishes it was found that the proportion of the former was 81 per cent., and of the latter 50 per cent. On the whole, Rutlandshire may be regarded as considerably in advance of other counties. In the Second Annual Report of the Registrar-General,' the number who signed with marks in attestation of marriages is given as 33 per cent., while in Bedfordshire the proportion was 60 per cent. Little however has been done throughout the county to extend education beyond reading and writing or to develop the intelligence of the people. The Manchester Report' states that want of books is a very serious impediment to the usefulness of the schools.' The books most commonly found in the cottages in the three parishes which the Society made the subject of a separate inquiry were Fox's Martyrs;' Fleetwood's Life of Christ;' and Venn's 'Whole Duty of Man.' Few cottages were entirely destitute of books, but they were almost exclusively religious works. 6 PER CENTAGE. RUTULI. [LATINI.] RUYSCH, FREDERIC, a celebrated anatomist, was on at the Hague, in 1638. His father was secretary of the tes-General of Holland. He studied medicine at Leyden, ook his doctor's degree in 166-4, and then returned to pracLee at the Hague. In 1665 he published his first work on The valves of the lymphatic vessels, and in the following year was appointed to the professorship of anatomy at Amstern. From this time he devoted himself entirely to the study anatomy, or rather fo the formation of an anatomical muam, for he seems to have regarded the science of anatomy sa pursuit far inferior to the art of preparation-making. this art he was certainly unequalled by any of his conaporaries, and the accounts given by those who saw his useum, of the perfect state in which the bodies of chil 1 203 4,313 21.57 100.00 dren and animals were preserved, with all the apparent freshness and bloom of life, if they could be entirely credited, would be sufficient evidence that he has not yet had a rival in the preservation of bodies. In the art of dissecting and of injecting the blood-vessels however, in which Ruysch was supposed to be equally eminent, he has long been far surpassed; and it is probable that his best preparations of this kind were not superior to those which are ordinarily made at the present day. By unceasing labour Ruysch collected a most extensive museum of anatomical preparations of all kinds, for which, in 1698, Peter of Russia gave him 30,000 florins. It was then conveyed to Petersburg, where, it is said, the greater part has since decayed, and become useless. After selling his first mureum, Ruysch commenced with unabated ardour to collect a second, a part of which, at his death in 1731, | the English. In June, 1667, he entered the Thames as far as was sold to the king of Poland for 20,000 florins. Ruysch's merits as an anatomist have been greatly overrated. In all his works, which make up five large quarto volumes, there is no evidence that he was more than a plodding anatomical artist. Though he claimed many discoveries, those that really belong to him are few and not important; and in proportion to the labour expended in the pursuit of anatomy, few have contributed less to its progress as a science, for he did not even publish the modes of making his preparations. RUYS DAEL, or RUYSDAAL, JACOB. This great landscape-painter was born at Haarlem, in 1635. He was originally brought up to surgery, which he practised for a short time, but he appears to have painted at an early age, and eventually he adopted painting as his profession. If we may judge from a certain similarity of handling, he probably received the first instruction in his art from his elder brother Solomon, who was also a good landscape-painter, but his reputation has been lost, or rather obscured, by the superior name of his brother. Solomon was born also in Haarlem, in 1616, and died there in 1670; he was the scholar of Schoeft and Van Goyen. He distinguished hinself by the invention of an admirable composition in imitation of variegated marbles. Jacob Ruysdael became the friend of Nicolas Berghem, and, as has been reported, his scholar; but this, if we may judge from the extreme dissimilarity of their styles, is highly improbable. Ruysdael was a simple but accurate imitator of nature, and his taste inclined him towards the wild and the secluded; but he displayed an exquisite judgment in the selection of his subjects, and for the power and at the same time the truth of his imitations he has never been equalled. Woods and waterfalls are the prevailing subjects of his landscapes, and he rarely if ever painted a scene without introducing either a cascade or a rivulet., He occasionally also painted marine pieces. Ruysdael's works, independent of their powerful effect and masterly imitation, are distinguished from those of other masters by the peculiarity that the foregrounds generally constitute the pictures, the distances being introduced simply as accessories to complete the view, and he may be said perhaps never to have produced a mere scenic effect. His colouring, though warm, as also his foliage, is that of a northern climate, and it is very improbable that he ever visited Italy; he was fond of rather cold and cloudy skies with sudden and powerful masses of light and shade. Ruysdael never painted figures; those which are introduced into his compositions were painted by Ostade, Wouvermanns, a Vandevelde, or Berghem. His works are held in the highest estimation by good judges. There are fine specimens of them in most of the principal collections of Europe. The Stag-Hunt, in the Royal Gallery of Dresden, the figures of which are by Vandevelde, is generally reputed to be his masterpiece; but there is a large woody landscape in the Doria gallery at Rome, of surprising power and beauty, and which is certainly unsurpassed by any production of its class. Ruysdael also etched a few plates in a very bold and effective style, but impressions from them are very scarce. He died at Haarlem in 1681, in the forty-sixth year of his age. The celebrated Hobbema studied the works of Ruysdael. (Descamps; Fiorillo.) RUYTER, MICHAEL, born at Fleissingen in 1607, went to sea at eleven years of age as a cabin-boy, and rose successively until he became a warrant-officer, and, in 1635, was made captain. He served for several years in the East Indies, and in 1645 was appointed rear-admiral. In 1647 he attacked and sunk off Sallee an Algerine squadron. In 1652 he was employed in the war against England, and while accompanying a large convoy of merchantmen he met the English fleet off Plymouth. The combat was not decisive, but Ruyter succeeded in saving his convoy. In 1653 he commanded a division, under Van Tromp, and was beaten by Blake, but he had afterwards an advantage over the English near the Goodwin Sands. In 1655 he was sent to the Mediterranean to chastise the pirates of Algiers and Tunis. In 1659, being sent by the States-General to the assistance of Denmark against Sweden, he defeated the Swedish fleet, as a reward for which the king of Denmark gave him a title of nobility with a pension. In 1665 he fought against Prince Rupert of England with no decisive result, and in July of the following year he was beaten by the Medway, and destroyed the shipping at Sheerness. In 1671, war having broken out between France and Holland, Ruyter had the command of the Dutch fleet which was to oppose the French and the English: he fought several battles in the Channel and the German Ocean, without any im portant result. In 1675 he was sent to the Mediterranean, and fought a desperate battle with the French admiral D quesne, off the eastern coast of Sicily, in which his fleet w worsted and Ruyter had both his legs shattered. ile effected a retreat into the port of Syracuse, where he did of his wounds, in April, 1676. A splendid monument was raised to him at Amsterdam, and G. Brandt wrote his Life, which was translated into French, Amsterdam, fol, 16%. Even Louis XIV. expressed sorrow on hearing of his deat, saying that he could not help regretting the loss of a great man, although an enemy.' RYAN. LOCH. [WIGTONSHIRE.] RYBINSK, in the government of Yaroslaw, at the confluence of the Rybinka and the Volga, though a small town with only 3200 inhabitants, is a place of considerable importance. It is as it were the central point of the inland trade and inland navigation of Russia, because it is hers that the goods are generally transferred from the large Volga vessels to the smaller craft which are to convey then by the rivers and canals connected with the Volga. În voe year 1760 large vessels have brought goods to the value of 30 millions of rubles, and above 6000 small vessels he conveyed these and other goods (to the amount, in all, of f millions of rubles) to St. Petersburg. The number of strangers who visit Rybinsk in the summer is very great. RYCAUT, or RICAUT, SIR PAUL, was the tenth s of Sir Peter Rycaut, a merchant of London. The date a his birth is unknown, but he took his bachelor's degree i 1650, at Cambridge. In 1661 he attended the earl of W chelsea as secretary, when that nobleman went out as a bassador extraordinary to Constantinople. During tha embassy, which lasted eight years, he made himself a quainted with the manners, customs, and religion of t.. Turks, and published the Capitulations, Articles of Peace &c., concluded between England and the Porte in 1957 and also 'The Present State of the Ottoman Empire, ~ Three Books, containing the Maxims of the Turkish Por their Religion, and Military Discipline, illustrated w Figures,' London, 1668, 1670, fol. He was afterwards :~ pointed consul at Smyrna, which situation he held dug eleven years, and exerted himself diligently in extendig the commerce of England with the Levant. On his return to England, Rycaut employed himse chiefly in literary occupations. He published 'The preser! State of the Greek and Armenian Churches, Anno Ch 1678,' London, 1680, fol., and a History of the Turkish L pire from 1623 to 1677,' London, 1680, fol., which is a ent tinuation of Knollys's History of the Turks,' and conta ra much information concerning the political resources of the Turkish empire and the manners of the Turks. It h been translated into almost all the languages of modera Europe, and has been several times reprinted. In 1685 the earl of Clarendon, then lord lieutenant ef Ireland, appointed Rycaut secretary of the provinces ! Leinster and Connaught, and James II. created him a pr councillor of Ireland, a judge of the Court of Admiralty, an a knight. The Revolution of 1688 deprived him of all t s employments, but in 1690 he was appointed resident t the Hanse Towns; he then went to reside on the Centnent, and remained there till 1700, when he returned t England for the benefit of his health, and died on the 161. December in the same year. Rycaut was a member of the Royal Society of Lond and, in addition to his high character as a diplomatist w celebrated for his knowledge of the learned languages an the modern Greek, the Turkish, Italian, Spanish, and Frenni. Besides the works already mentioned, Rycaut pubist. 1 a 'History of the Turks from the year 1675 to 1679,' I don, 1700, folio; an English translation of Garcilasso de a Vega's Royal Commentaries of Peru,' London, 16-8, 5.. an English translation of Platina's History of the Popes London, 1685, fol.; and an English translation of El CRticon,' of Baltasar Gracian, London, 1681, folio. RYE, a parliamentary borough, a seaport town, and a member of the Cinque-Ports, is situated upon an eminens at the south-eastern corner of the county of Sussex, 63 miles south-east from London. It is bounded on the cust |