The maritime strength of Samos was broken, and their go- | vernment made democratical by Pericles, B.C. 440, who took the opportunity afforded by a quarrel between this island and Miletus to crush a power which might otherwise have been a dangerous subject, if not a formidable rival, of Athens. After the expedition of the Athenians to Sicily, during the Peloponnesian war, Samos, like Athens, became agitated by a struggle between the oligarchical and democratical parties, terminating in the triumph of the latter. After the battle of Aegospotami, the Samians, alone remaining firm in their alliance with Athens, sustained a siege from Lysander, and were compelled to submit to Spartan principles of government. After this time the island fell into various hands. The Athenians, Lacedæmonians, and Persians became successively possessed of it, and it was finally restored to its early masters by Timotheus, and was protected by Athens as her ally during the Social War (B.C. 360). Little mention of Samos is made in the history of the Macedonian period. Its valuable situation as a naval station made it the prey of the great monarchs then contending against each other, and after forming part of the Egyptian, Macedonian, and Syrian empires, it was finally made subject to Rome, B.C. 84. Samos was afterwards the residence of Marcus Antonius and Cleopatra, B.C. 32, and of Augustus, who gave its inhabitants a titular freedom. It was reduced by Vespasian to the form of a province, though the memory of its antient glory was preserved as late as the time of the emperor Decius by the inscription Σαμίων πρώτων Ιωνίας on its coins. The antient history of Samos exhibits very strikingly the vices and virtues of the Ionic race. In love of liberty, in commercial and naval activity, in fondness for art, not less than in luxury and fickleness of character, they very much resembled their Athenian masters, while no Greek state at so early a period as the time of Polycrates perhaps equalled them in the variety of their mercantile relations and enterprise in navigation. We find them in close alliance with Amasis, king of Egypt, who granted them a separate temple at the establishment for Greek merchants at Naucratis, and their trade with Africa must have been carried on not only by the assistance of the Cyrenæans, but by their setilement at an oasis in the desert, seven days' journey from Thebes, an outpost of Greek civilization discovered by the army of Cambyses on their invasion of that continent. (Herod, iii. 20.) Closely connected with their trade with Egypt is the history of the early art of Samos. A school of sculptors, beginning with Rhecus and his sons Theodorus and Telecles, at a period (according to Pliny, xxxv. 43) long before the expulsion of the Bacchiade from Corinth, continued till the time of Polycrates. (Müller's Archaeo logie der Kunst, 60, 71.) Theodorus is said to have invented the art of casting in bronze, and of him and his brother the well-known and remarkable anecdote is told, that after their stay in Egypt, they formed a statue, onehalf being made at Ephesus by Theodorus, the other at Samos by Telecles, and that the two halves tallied exactly. Without entering into the question of the general origin of Greek art, it seems probable from this, that the intercourse between Egypt and Samos had led these two artists to imitate the prescribed forms and unchanging proportions of the art of the elder country. The stiffness of the early style was much improved upon by another Theodorus, son of Telecles, in the time of Polycrates, and the skill of the Samians in working metal had been already shown in the execution of the brazen caldron dedicated by Colous to the temple of Juno at Argos, and ornamented with colossal figures and heads in high relief. In the sister arts of architecture and painting the Saaians were also eminent. Rhocus, who has been already mentioned, built the Heræum, or temple of Juno, the largest which Herodotus had ever seen (iii. 60). In this temple was a statue of the goddess by Smilis (an artist said by Pausanias to be a contemporary of Dædalus), of a very archaic form, as we may see from its representation on the coins of the island. Mindrocles, a Samian, built the bridge over the Bosporus For Darius Hystaspes, and also caused a painting to be made of his work and of the monarch passing over it with his showed itself in the improvements introduced by them in ship-building. The coins of Samos are very numerous and worthy of attention. The earliest autonomous coins bear the head of a lion or of a bull; a winged wild boar or a prow of a ship are common reverses. Juno, with her attributes, and Neptune, Vulcan, and Minerva, are deities represented upon the imperial coins, the series of which extends as far as Saloninus junior; the usual reverse is the archaic figure of Juno, which resembles very much that of Diana on the coins of Ephesus; for a more particular description of which see Mionnet, Description des Médailles Antiques This statue was still standing in the temple in the time of Pausanias. Pythagoras, who was a native of Samos, is also represented in a sitting attitude on the imperial coins, touching a globe placed on a column with his hand, with the inscription, ПYOAгOPHC CAMION. Other types are Meleager attacking the boar, the river Parthenius personified, Nemesis, &c. After being made a province by Vespasian, Samos was constituted the head of a theme under the Byzantine emperors. It was plundered and taken by the Arabs in the eighth century, and recovered by Leo in the thirteenth. A Turkish chief, Tzachas, seized it for a short time, but was soon deprived of it by Johannes Ducas. It was in the hands of the Venetians, and afterwards of the Genoese; and upon the taking of Constantinople (1453), was ravaged by Mahomet II. Selim granted permission to one of his subjects, Kilitsch Ali Bassa, to colonize the island, as the population had been much reduced by frequent piratical invasions. It has continued ever since under the dominion of the Turks: the inhabitants made an unsuccessful attempt to free themselves during the late Greek revolution, in which the archbishop and clergy did not join. The form of the island of Samos is irregular and indented; the greatest length is from west to east, and the circumference is about eighty miles. It is separated from the continent of Asia by a narrow strait or boccage about six miles in length, and nowhere more than three in breadth, full of small islands. Through the island in a direction from east to west runs a high mountain called Ampelus by Strabo, a continuation of the promontory of Trogilium, and terminating at its western extremity with the height of Kerkis, the Mons Cercetius of the antients, the loftiest point in the island. Immediately opposite to Cape Santa Maria, between the rivers Metelenous and Imbrasius, is the port of Tigani, the antient harbour of the city of Samos, which has an artificial mole built across it from north to south. Herodotus speaks of an immense mole in this harbour, which he considers one of the three works most worthy of mention in the island, A little inland at the distance of about five miles from Cape Santa Maria is the site of the antient town of Samos. From the existing ruins Pococke (Travels in the East) gives a ground-plan of it, from which it appears that it was situated to the west of the port, partly on flat ground, and partly occupying the south side of Mount Ampelus; the walls, of which there are still remains, are cased with white marble, and have square towers. At about sixty paces interval they enclose a quadrangular space; within them are the ruins of a theatre with the seats, built on the side of a hill. To the west of the city, towards the Imbrasius, are the remains of an aqueduct, which does not seem to be the one mentioned by Herodotus (iii. 60), which was carried through a mountain, and was one of the three works which he considered most worthy of admiration at Samos. Of the great temple of Juno hardly anything remains except a capital and base, engraved in Tournefort. (Voyage du Levunt.) Its dimensions were ascertained by Mr. Bedford, an architect who accompanied Sir William Gell in the second Asiatic mission of the Dilettanti, to be-length 346 feet; breadth 189. It was a decastylus dipterus; had ten columns in front, twenty-one on the sides, a triple row in the pronaos, and a double row of four columns between the antæ at the entrance of the cella in front. The columns were about seven feet in diameter at the bottom of the shaft, and about sixty feet high. The intercolumniation in the two fronts was fourteen feet, in the flank only ten feet and a half, and in the flank of the pronaos something still less. There was no appearance of fluting in the columns. The material was the white and bluish-grey marble of the island. (Leake's Asia Minor, 348.) Oppo site to the old city, about a mile to the west of it, is the modern town of Cora, or Meyaλn xwpa, the largest in the island, containing, in Pococke's time, about twelve small churches and two hundred and fifty houses. On the south side of the city is a large plain called Megalocampus, which has become a stagnant marsh. To the west of Cora is the river Imbrasius, on which is the small village of Mily. At the mouth of this river the land juts out to the south, terminating in Cape Colonna, opposite to the small island of Samopoula. To the west of this promontory is the village of Marathrocampos, about forty miles distant from Patmos. Three miles from this village, opposite to the island of Nicaria, and distant from it about twelve miles, is a hermitage called St. George's, with a grotto near it, on the top of Mount Kerkis, called Panagia Phaneromena. The summit of this mountain is covered with snow all the year round, and has a lake at the top. Five miles from Marathrocampos towards the north is the village of Castany. Proceeding along the coast in a north east direction we come to Carlovassi, the most considerable town in the island after Cora. The port is a bad one, being much exposed to the north wind. Three miles to the east of this town is Farni, a village, ten miles from which, in a deep bay, is Vathi, a town with a good harbour cacapable of holding a large fleet. There is a small harbour four miles to the north-east, the mouth of which is well protected by little islands. On the east side of the island is another port, which Tournefort (Voyage du Levant) calls the Port des Galères. These are the principal geographical points in the island. The soil of Samos is very fertile, and produces very good wine, though this was not the case formerly, according to the testimony of the antients. The muscat grape is much cultivated. There is good timber on the hills, which have quarries of white marble in abundance. Samos was formerly celebrated for its pottery, which was made from a particular kind of clay found in the island. Travellers speak of the abundance of game and wild animals in the island. was originally called Dardania, and that Dardanus, the founder of Troy, passed over from this island to Asia Mints. (Strabo, vii., p. 331.) The Samothracians joined the army of Xerxes when be invaded Greece, and one of their ships distinguished itself at the battle of Salamis. (Herod., viii. 90.) In the time of Pliny it was a free state. Samothrace, according to Pliny, was 32 miles in circumference. It contains a very high mountain, called Sauce by Pliny, from which Homer says that Troy could be seen. (Ï., xiii. 12.) SAMOYEDES, one of the most widely spread nomad. nations of Northern Asia. The tribes of the Samoyede inhabit two large tracts, one of which extends along the shores of the Polar Sea, and the other on both sides of the Altai Mountains. Thus there are northern and southern Samoyedes. The Northern Samoyedes wander about in the country which occupies the western portion of the coast of Sibera. The most eastern point at which they are found is the Gulf of Taïmooras, which lies west of the peninsula that terminates in the North-east Cape, the most northern point ef Asia. From this gulf westward they occupy the whole coast to the Ural Mountains, and they are even found west of that range, on both sides of the river Pechora, as far as the banks of the river Mezen. Thus they inhabit the coast of the Polar Sea between 45° and 100° E. long. They are of short stature, seldom attaining five feet, and resemble the Tungooses in the conformation of their body. They have round, broad, and flat faces, thick lips, a broad and open nose, very little beard, and very coarse black hair. They are stout, and have muscular limbs. They have herds of rein-deer, but they use this animal only for drawing ther sledges. They do not milk them, nor do they eat ther flesh. They live chiefly on the produce of the chase, of which the principal object is the wild rein-deer, with which their country abounds, and which supplies all their wants. They take also several kinds of fur-bearing animals, espe cially foxes. The sea supplies them with white bears and some other animals, and dead whales are occasionally carned to their shores. From time to time they occupy themselves with fishing in the rivers and lakes, but the chase is their principal employment. They are heathens, and profess the religion called Shamanism. It is stated that the nu merous tribes which belong to the Northern Samoyedes contain 70,000 individuals. The Northern Samoyedes are divided from their souther kinsmen by an immense tract of country, occupied by the Ostiaks, and several tribes that belong to the Tongooses, especially the Tchapogires. The inhabitants, about 15,000 in number, living in eighteen villages, are nearly all Greeks; they are described by Michaud and Poujoulat (Correspondance d'Orient, 1833) as being wretched in their condition and habits, and of a savage appearance. They are governed by a waiwode and cadi; the former has the care of the revenue, and the latter administers justice. There is also a Christian governor, called an aga, chosen by the people. From Pococke's Travels in the East we get the following statement of the amount of the revenue yearly accruing from Samos in his time:—land-tax, 22 purses; harach or poll-tax, 20 purses; avancos, or fines on deaths and for crimes, 10 purses. Samos is the see of an archbishop, who is also bishop of Icaria. His lands, with those belonging to the papas or priests, and caloyers or monks, are more than half of the whole island. Á minute account of the state of the Greek church in Samos may be found in a rare work translated into English, under the following title: A Description of the Present State of Samos, Nicaria, Patmos, and Mount Athos, by Joseph Georgirenes, archbishop of Samos,' London, 1677; which may be also referred to generally for an account of the condition of the island during the seven-Yeneseï river, the Ta-Kimu and the Kemtshyk, have their teenth century. For further information see Dapper's History of the Archipelago; Panofka, Res Samiorum; Tournefort, Voyage du Levant; and Beauvau, Voyage du Levant, Nancy, 1619; in which work a bird's-eye view of the island is given. SAMOTHRA'CE (Zaμо0рgen), a small island opposite the mouth of the Hebrus in Thrace, from which it was 38 miles distant according to Pliny (iv. 23). It was chiefly celebrated for the worship of the Cabiri, which was said to have originated in this island. [CABIRI.] According to Herodotus (ii. 51), Samothrace was originally inhabited by the Pelasgians, from whom the inhabitants learnt the religious mysteries which they solemnized. In Homer the island is usually called Samos (I., xxiv. 78, 753), or the Thracian Samos (Il., xiii. 12), and was said, according to some accounts, to have derived its name from a colony from the island of Samos on the coast of Asia Minor, who settled there (Paus., vii. 4, s. 3; Strabo, x., p. 437); but Strabo, who did not believe this account, derived its name from samos, which meant a height, or from the Sail, whom he supposed to be the antient inhabitants of the country. Other accounts state that it The Southern Samoyedes inhabit that part of the Altai Mountains which extends from the sources of the river Tshulyshman, one of the principal branches of the river Obi (near 88° E. long.), to the south-western extremity of Lake Baikal, or to 105° E. long, where they approach the banks of the river Selenga. The principal seat of the Samoyedes in this part is the valley between the two chains, called Erghik Targak Taiga, on the north, ard the Tangnu Ola, on the south [ALTAI MOUNTAINS, vol. p. 398], in which the two principal branches of the origin. This country is included within the territories of the Chinese empire; and these Samoyedes, called Soyotes, are tributary to the emperor of China, and obliged to d military service along the frontier. Some small tribes Samoyedes inhabit the northern declivity of the Erghi Targak Taiga range, where they are subject to Russia, and pay a tribute of furs. They extend northward along the banks of the Yeneseï to Abakansk, and along the Lda, a tributary of the Upper Tunguska, to Nishnei Udinsa Some of these tribes live entirely on the produce of the chase, such as elks and different kinds of deer, especially a large species called marali. They also take sables and squirrels, with the furs of which they pay their tribute Other tribes have herds of rein-deer, their country buit: the most southern region in which that animal is met wita in Asia. They use the males as hunting animals, and the females supply them with milk. A few have adopted agre culture, but they eat also the roots and stems of some wildgrowing plants. The Soyotes, or Chinese Samoyedes, however, inhabit a rich pasture country, and live on the produce of their herds, consisting of horses, black cattle, and camels. These Southern Samoyedes exactly resemble their northern kinsmen in the formation of their bodies, except that they | SAMPOO, river. [BRAHMAPOOTRA.] In 1793 he was made one of the masters of the Latin school, but resigned that situation in the following spring, his motive for accepting it having been chiefly to make such addition to his income as would enable him to marry a lady to whom he was attached; yet though all preparations had been made, and the day itself fixed, the marriage was broken off by mutual consent, and without breach of good understanding between the parties. Thus released from the duty of proriding for a family, Samsöe gave up his other engagements, and applied himself entirely to literary studies. Besides his Scandinavian tales, the first of which, Frithiof,' had been composed by him while at the university, he commenced a translation of Cicero's ' Offices,' and another of Garve's work on morals. His proficiency in Greek literature, and his admiration of Plutarch, suggested to him the idea of writing a work on antient history, thrown chiefly into the form of biographies of the most conspicuous personages, connected by succinct narratives of intermediate events. Unfortunately he did not execute or even begin it, for nothing of the kind was discovered among his manuscripts. He now tried his talent in a different walk of literature, where success brings with it more sudden and more brilliant popularity. The enthusiasm with which his tragedy of Dyrecke' (founded on the history of the beautiful mistress of Christian II. and her ambitious mother) was received, would doubtless have led him at once to prosecute that career, and indeed the plans of two other dramas on national subjects were found among his papers. But he did not live even to be assured of his triumph, as he died January 24th, 1796, just a week before the first representation of his piece, which took place on the day of his funeral. Dyvecke' makes an epoch in the annals of the Danish stage: written in prose, and divested of those pompous conventionalities which often serve merely to disguise feebleness, this drama captivates by the intrinsic interest of dialogue and situations, and by its forcible pathos. It is true that criticism has alleged many defects against it; yet if not perfect, it furnished a model which did not previously exist in the language; and both on that account, and as being the only dramatic attempt of the author, it deserves to be estimated by its beauties and its merits. This tragedy and his Tales form the two volumes of his posthumous pieces, edited by his friend In the Septuagint these books are called the first and second books of Kings, or of the Kingdoms. [KINGS; CHRONICLES.] (The Introductions of Jahn, Eichhorn, Bertholdt, De Wette, and Horne.) SAMY'DA, a genus of plants of the natural family of Samydea. The genus having all the characters of the family to which it belongs, is distinguished by possessing 10-12 stamens, all of which bear anthers; while the stigma is globose. The species consist of small trees or shrubs, found in the hot parts of America, such as the West Indies, Mexico, and Brazil, with a few doubtful species in the East Indies. The branches are sometimes thorny; the leaves alternate, entire, or serrate, with pellucid dots and twin stipules; flower-stalks axillary, single-flowered, solitary or fascicled with white but sometimes purple flowers. SAMYDA'CEE, a natural order of apetalous plants, of uncertain station, and placed by De Candolle amongst polypetalous Exogens. They have three, five, or seven se a, branch with stipulate seaves and flowers; b. flower opened, showing the monadelphous stamens and the pistil; c, anther with its double cell; d, traus verse section of ovary showing seeds attached to five parietal placenta. rounded by a mud wall about 15 feet high, pierced for musketry. Against the inner sides of these walls are te dwellings of the settlers, the centre being left clear f exercise and military evolutions. These walls are now la ruins. From this primary settlement emanated the five following missions, which were established in various parts of the adjacent country under the protection of the PresidioSan Francisco, founded in 1776; Santa Clara, 1777: San José, 1797; San Francisco Solano, 1823; San Rafae', 1827. pals more or less cobering at the base; stamens perigynous, two, three, or four times as numerous as the sepals, with monadelphous filaments; superior one-celled ovary; indefinite ovules attached to parietal placenta; capsules with from three to five valves; numerous seeds fixed to the valves; fleshy albumen and a radicle pointing away from the hilum. The leaves are alternate with stipules, marked with round and linear pellucid dots. The apetalous flowers and fruit of this order approximate it to Bixacea, and its perigynous stamens and alternate stipulate leaves ally it to Rosacea. It is an entirely tropical order, composed of small trees or shrubs. The bark and leaves are slightly as- As they are nearly similar in appearance and in their tringent. One of the species, Casearia ulmifolia, is used in political organization, they may all come under the fel Brazil as a remedy against the bite of snakes, for which pur-lowing brief description. The most conspicuous object pose the leaves are applied to the wound, and an infusion the church, around which are congregated the dwellings of them is taken internally. of the padres, and of the soldiers and attendants of the establishment, which are built with some pretensions to order and comfort; and at a little distance stand the mui huts of the Indians, placed in squares with great regularity, It is the business of the Indians, who are under the abso care of the herds of sheep and cattle in which consists the wealth of the missions; the hides and tallow sent to Monterey for shipment form their chief source of revenue. Some of the missions possess as many as 10,000 head of cattle. SAN BLAS, a town on the western coast of Mexico, in the state of Xalisco, formerly the province of Guadalaxara, is situated on an island formed by two mouths of the Rio Grande de Santiago as it enters the Pacific. It is the seaport of Tepic, and the chief maritime station in Xa-lute control of the padres, to cultivate the soil, and ta' lisco. It stands about three-quarters of a mile from the shore, on a very remarkable isolated rock, rising abruptly out of a low, swampy, wooded plain or savannah, to the height of 150 feet, inaccessible on three sides, and with a surface of about 500 yards each way; within which limits the town is of course confined. From the plain, which is always more or less under water, rise exhalations and miasmata, which render the town very unhealthy by causing a low fever, besides giving birth to myriads of mosquitoes and sand-flies. During the rainy season, from June to November, the place is perfectly uninhabitable from the torrents of rain, which destroy the houses, and perfectly insulate the rock. At this season, all the inhabitants who can afford it, remove not only themselves but most of their property to Tepic, and the population is in a few days reduced from 3000 to 150. At the shore is a village called La Playa, inhabited principally by fishermen and those connected with the arsenal, which, though now in a dilapidated state, was once of great importance. A good ropewalk still remains. A small estuary, the northern branch of the Rio Grande, affords a safe boat-harbour and landing-place, but the anchorage in the roads, which is commanded by two batteries, is much exposed to westerly winds. San Blas affords good supplies of meat, fruit, and vegetables, but the climate is very hot in the summer. 21° 32′ N. lat., 105° 18′ W. long. Highwater, full and change, at 9h. 40m.; rise between 6 and 7 feet. (Captain Hall's South America; Captain Beechey's Poyage to the Pacific: Sailing Directions, &c.) SAN FRANCISCO, a port in the Mexican dominions, in the province of New California, on the shores of the North Pacific. It is only on account of its size, and the perfect security which it offers to vessels of any burden, that it has at present any claim to notice, though there can be little doubt that it will ultimately arrive at greater importance from the fertility of its soil and delightful climate. The entrance is narrow, lying between land of considerable elevation, on the southern point of which stands a fort to guard the passage. After running in a westerly direction about six miles, it divides into two branches, one extending 30 miles to the south-east between two ridges of hills with low land at the base reaching to the shores and terminating in small winding creeks; the other taking a northern direction, after about four miles opens out into a capacious basin 10 miles in diameter, and after converging to a second strait, again expands, and is connected with throo large rivers, called Jesu Maria, Sacramento, and San Joachim. The greater part of the south-east arm is very shallow, leaving only a narrow channel up the centre, and the landing is bad. There are several islands and some dangerous rocks and shoals, but the anchorages are safe and well sheltered. A bar of sand lies eight miles off the entrance, with only 25 to 30 feet water; and with a high wind a heavy sea breaks over it. It is not however devoid of interest in other respects, being one of the earliest settlements of the Old Spaniards for the charitable purpose of converting the Indians to Christianity. Their fort or stronghold, called the Presidio, was fixed near the entrance, on the southern shore, about nile inland. It is a square enclosure, the sides of bout 300 yards in length, and were formerly sur San Francisco is situated about three miles to the southeast of the Presidio, in the midst of a beautiful and fert: : plain. Santa Clara is in an extensive plain not far from th head of the southern arm of the port. San José is at t.. foot of the hills to the south-east; and the two more mode missions are near the shores of the northern arm. Supplies of meat and vegetables are plentiful, and the coun abounds with game and wild fowl. The Presidio is in 37° 48' N. lat. and 122° 26′ W. long High-water at full and change, 10h. 50m.; the rise is eiger feet. (Captain Beechey s Voyage to the Pacific.) SAN MARINO, REPUBLIC OF, is a small territory,carsisting chiefly of a steep mountain with its offsets and valleys, covering an area of about 27 square miles. It is situated within the papal province of Urbino, and about ten miles fr the coast of the Adriatic. The whole population amounts about 7000. The town of San Marino stands on the upper. of the mountain, the summit of which is crowned by an castle with three towers, on which the standard of the public waves. The town is ill built and ill paved; the str are steep, and only practicable for mules and donkeys. 1. square before the town-house is large, and commands fine view of the neighbouring Apennines. The church the Capuchins contains a fine painting representing Descent from the Cross. Outside of the town is al Borg. suburb; and at the foot of the mountain are three or villages, Serravalle, Acquariva, Feglio, &c. The in ants have cultivated every slip of ground that can be r productive; they make some very good wine, some oil, rear silk-worms, the produce of which constitutes an ar of trade. They have also some good cattle. They n corn from the neighbouring Papal State. The origin of the republic of San Marino is last the obscurity of the dark ages. Marinus, a holy her from Dalmatia, is said to have retired to this moun. in the fourth century of our æra, and after his death church was raised to his memory, and a village grev round the spot. In the tenth century it became a w town by the name of Plebs Santi Marini cum Castella' l' seems to have governed itself as an independent me pality; and we find in the twelfth century that the com of San Marino purchased some lands from the neighi ing counts of Montefeltro, lords of Urbino. During wars of the Guelphs and Guibelins, the people of S Marino took the part of the latter, together with t neighbours of Montefeltro,and as such were excommun by Innocent IV. Towards the end of the fourteenth tury, the popes, in consequence of the cession made Rudolph of Habsburg [PAPAL STATE], began to rectors to the Romagna, to enforce the suzerainship of papal see over the towns and lords of the country. of these vicars, Hildebrandinus, bishop of Arezzo, about t year 1291, complained that, with the exception of the t of Cesena, no other place in Romagna would obey his inju tions. This rector appointed a certain Theodoric, canon at St Leo, as his vicar for the district of Montefeltro, in which San | the citizens of most of their privileges. Some time after Marino was included. The commune of San Marino being an anonymous writer published Mémoires touchant la summoned, like the rest, by the vicar, to pay certain dues Superiorité Impériale sur les villes de Gènes et de San and fees, refused; and the matter being referred to a learned Remo,' Ratisbon, 1768, in which, referring to the old judge of Rimini, called Palamede, he decided that the suzerainty of the emperors over the whole of the towns of community and men of San Marino were exempt from pay- this coast, he said that San Remo could not be bound ment, having been of old independent of all foreign domi- by allegiance to Genoa, but was merely connected by a connion, a decision which was confirmed by the vicar Theodo-vention. The Genoese on their side attempted to prove ric in a charter quoted by Delfico in his 'Storia di San their old high dominion over the whole of Liguria indeMarino. From that time San Marino has been acknow- pendently of the Empire.' (Accinelli, Compendio delle ledged as an independent state by the popes, although some Storie di Genova, vol. ii.) popes, or rather their legates in the Romagna, have attempted at times to enforce their authority over that little state, but the attempt has not been persevered in. [ALBERONI.] When Bonaparte overthrew the papal government, he respected the independence of San Marino; and in 1814, when the pope was reinstated in his dominions, the freedom of the republic was confirmed. The legislative power is in the hands of a great council of 300 anziani, or elders, and the executive consists of a senate of twelve, with a gonfaloniere, who is changed every three months. SAN REMO, a province of the Sardinian States, forming part of the duchy of Genoa, is bounded on the north by the Maritime Alps, which divide it from Piedmont, east by the province of Oneglia, west by the county of Nizza and the principality of Monaco, and south by the Mediterranean Sea. The country partakes of the general nature of the Riviera, being occupied by offsets from the Alps, which advance to the sea-shore, and contain between them narrow valleys through which flow several torrents that are generally dry in summer. The lower hills and valleys and the strips of level ground along the coast produce oil, oranges, lemons, and wine. The climate is very temperate and genial, the thermometer seldom falling below the freezing-point. Even date-trees bear fruit in some favourable spots. (Bertolotti, Viaggio nella Liguria.) The population of the province consists of 56,500 inhabitants, distributed among 28 communes. SAN REMO, the chief town, is built on the slope of a steep hill which rises from the sea-coast; the mountains forming a semicircle around and sheltering it from the north winds. The lower hills around the town are planted with olive, orange, lemon, fig, almond, and pomegranate trees, which constitute the principal wealth of the inhabitants. San Remo has produced some learned men, among others Michel Angelo da San Remo, an Orientalist, who lived in the seventeenth century, and Francesco Maria Gaudio, professor of mathematics in the university of Rome, and the author of several valuable works, especially on hydraulics, who died in 1793. The only other place of any importance in the province is Ventimiglia, the antient Albium Intemelium, a wellbuilt town of 5700 inhabitants, on the sea-coast at the mouth of the Roia, and a bishop's see. The cathedral, a structure of the middle ages, is said to be built on the remains of a temple of Juno raised by the consul M. Æmilius, after his last victory over the Ligurians, B.C. 187. (Liv., 39, c. 2.) The church of St. Michael is partly built with the remains of a temple dedicated to Castor and Pollux. The town contains several Roman inscriptions. Father Angelico Aprosio, a native of Ventimiglia, and a great philologist and bibliographer of the seventeenth century, bequeathed a considerable library to the Augustine convent in the town, which was plundered of its best works, by the revolutionists of Genoa, it is said, during the French invasion in 1797. In the eleventh century Ventimiglia had its counts, who afterwards became feudatories of the city of Genoa. This relation was confirmed by the diploma of the emperor Frederic I., dated 1162, which granted to the republic of Genoa the whole Riviera from Monaco to La Spezia, as an imperial fief, saving the rights of the respective counts and marquises. In the thirteenth century Ventimiglia was a subject of dispute between Genoa and the Anjou counts of Provence. In April, 1794, the French, who had already taken possession of Nizza and Monaco, appeared before Ventimiglia. The Genoese governor, not having the means The population of the town amounts to 11,000, many of of resistance, could only protest against this violation of a whom are employed as seamen, and enjoy a good reputa-neutral territory. The French then spread along the tion for honesty and mildness of character. Murders, Riviera, from whence, two years after, they penetrated into which are not uncommon in other districts of this coast, are the plains of Lombardy. unknown among the natives of San Remo. Before 1797 San Remo had eighty large merchant vessels, most of which, being pressed by the French into the service for their expedition to Egypt, were lost. The town has now hardly any other but coasting craft, with which it trades with Marseille and Genoa. San Remo has a communal college with about 400 students, and several churches and palaces. The church Dell' Assunta, or Della Costa, is a fine structure ornamented with several columns of alabaster and crowned by a handsome dome. The Palace Borea has a gallery of good paintings. The town being formerly deficient in good water, has been of late years abundantly supplied with it by an aqueduct through the care of its intendente, the Avvocato Nota, well known for his dramatic works. San Remo dates its origin from the ninth century, having been built below a castle on the hill called Castrum S. Romuli, from the name of a bishop of Genoa who was buried there, and which had been destroyed by the Saracens. In the twelfth century San Remo was an independent community under a nominal allegiance to the German emperors, and in 1170 it made an alliance with Genoa and Nizza for the mutual protection of their respective shipping against the Pisans. In 1199 however San Remo placed itself under the allegiance of Genoa, with a reservation of its municipal franchises and immunity from arbitrary taxation. This state of things, which was common to most towns of the Riviera, lasted till 1728, when the Genoese having laid certain duties upon the latter, the people of San Remo took up arms and dismissed the magistrates sent by Genoa. But through the mediation of the Prince of Monaco, the former relations between the metropolis and its dependencies were re-established. In 1753 however, in consequence of fresh dissensions, the Genoese sent an armed force to San Remo, built a castle to overawe the town, and deprived P. C., No. 1279. Between Ventimiglia and San Remo, on a hill above the road, is the village of Perinaldo, the birth-place of the astronomer Domenico Cassini, and his nephew Maraldi, likewise an astronomer, who died at Paris in 1729. The province of San Remo was for a long time the extreme boundary of the Genoese territory. It has been also considered, geographically speaking, as the western boundary of Italy on this side, the offsets of the Maritime Alps from the group of the Col di Tenda coming close to the sea near Monaco, and closing the passage, whilst the river Roia, which descends from Tenda, flows along their eastern or Italian base. [MONACO.] The country of Nizza, which lies to the west of the mountains, is open on the side of Provence, the Var being rather a conventional than a geographical boundary. In the Antonine Itinerary the boundary between Italy and Gaul is placed at the mountain summit, now called Colle della Turbia, on the road between Villafranca and Monaco, upon which a splendid trophy was raised by the senate to Augustus, in commemoration of his having finally subjected all the Alpine tribes, of which an inscription, given by Pliny (iii. 20), recorded the names. A fragment of the inscription, with the words 'Gentes Alpinæ devicta,' is seen upon a gate leading to the square of S. Giovanni in the village of Turbia, as well as fragments of columns and other remains. The neighbouring church was built with stones taken from the monument, the massive round tower or body of which, that bore the colossal statue of Augustus, still remained in the seventeenth century, and was used as a castle to defend the pass; but Marshal Villars, in the wars of Louis XIV., blew up the greater part of it. The remaining part is called by the natives 'Il trofeo di Augusto.' SAN SEBASTIAN. [SEBASTIAN, SAN.] SANADON, NOEL-ETIENNE, was born at Rouen, |