30.

Given the base of a triangle, and the sun of the squares on the sides forming the vertical angle; find the locus of the vertex.

31. ABC is an isosceles triangle in which AB and AC are equal. AB is produced beyond the base to D, so that BD is equal to AB. Shew that the square on CD is equal to the square on AB together with twice the square on BC.

32. In a right-angled triangle the sum of the squares on the straight lines drawn from the right angle to the points of trisection of the hypotenuse is equal to five times the square on the line between the points of trisection.

33. Three times the sum of the squares on the sides of a triangle is equal to four times the sum of the squares on the medians. 34. ABC is a triangle, and O the point of intersection of its medians shew that

AB2+ BC2+CA2=3 (OA2 + OB2 + OC2).

35. ABCD is a quadrilateral, and X the middle point of the straight line joining the bisections of the diagonals; with X as centre any circle is described, and P is any point upon this circle: shew that PA2+ PB2+ PC2+PD2 is constant, being equal to

XA3+XB2+XC2 + XD2 + 4XP2.

36. The squares on the diagonals of a trapezium are together equal to the sum of the squares on its two oblique sides, with twice the rectangle contained by its parallel sides.

37.

PROBLEMS.

Construct a rectangle equal to the difference of two squares.

38. Divide a given straight line into two parts so that the rectangle contained by them may be equal to the square described on a given straight line which is less than half the straight line to be divided.

39. Given a square and one side of a rectangle which is equal to the square, find the other side.

40. Produce a given straight line so that the rectangle contained by the whole line thus produced and the part produced, may be equal to the square on another given line.

41. Produce a given straight line so that the rectangle contained by the whole line thus produced and the given line shall be equal to the square on the part produced.

42. Divide a straight line AB into two parts at C, such that the rectangle contained by BC and another line X may be equal to the square on AC,

PART II.

BOOK III.

Book III. deals with the properties of Circles.

DEFINITIONS.

1. A circle is a plane figure bounded by one line, which is called the circumference, and is such that all straight lines drawn from a certain point within the figure to the circumference are equal to one another: this point is called the centre of the circle.

2. A radius of a circle is a straight line drawn from the centre to the circumference.

3. A diameter of a circle is a straight line drawn through the centre, and terminated both ways by the circumference.

4. A semicircle is the figure bounded by a diameter of a circle and the part of the circumference cut off by the diameter.

From these definitions we draw the following inferences:

(i) The distance of a point from the centre of a circle is less than the radius, if the point is within the circumference: and the distance of a point from the centre is greater than the radius, if the point is without the circumference.

(ii) A point is within a circle if its distance from the centre is less than the radius: and a point is without a circle if its distance from the centre is greater than the radius.

(iii) Circles of equal radius are equal in all respects; that is to say, their areas and circumferences are equal.

(iv) A circle is divided by any diameter into two parts which are equal in all respects.

5. Circles which have the same centre are said to be concentric.

6. An arc of a circle is any part of the circumference.

7. A chord of a circle is the straight line which joins any two points on the circumference.

From these definitions it may be seen that a chord of a circle, which does not pass through the centre, divides the circumference into two unequal arcs; of these, the greater is called the major arc, and the less the minor arc. Thus the major arc is greater, and the minor arc less than the semicircumference.

The major and minor arcs, into which a circumference is divided by a chord, are said to be conjugate to one another.

8. Chords of a circle are said to be equidistant from the centre, when the perpendiculars drawn to them from the centre are equal:

and one chord is said to be further from the centre than another, when the perpendicular drawn to it from the centre is greater than the perpendicular drawn to the other.

9. A secant of a circle is a straight line of indefinite length, which cuts the circumference in two points.

10.

A tangent to a circle is a straight line which meets the circumference, but being produced, does not cut it. Such a line is said to touch the circle at a point; and the point is called the point of

contact.

If a secant, which cuts a circle at the points P and Q, gradually changes its position in such a way that P remains fixed, the point Q will ultimately approach the fixed point P, until at length these points may be made to coincide. When the straight line PQ reaches this limiting position, it becomes the tangent to the circle at the point P.

Hence a tangent may be defined as a straight line which passes through two coincident points on the circumference.

11.

P

Circles are said to touch one another when they meet, but do not cut one another.

When each of the circles which meet is outside the other, they are said to touch one another externally, or to have external contact: when one of the circles is within the other, they are said to touch one another internally, or to have internal contact.

12. A segment of a circle is the figure bounded by a chord and one of the two arcs into which the chord divides the circumference.

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The chord of a segment is sometimes called its base.

13. An angle in a segment is one formed by two straight lines drawn from any point in the arc of the segment to the extremities of its chord.

[It will be shewn in Proposition 21, that all angles in the same segment of a circle are equal.]

14.

An angle at the circumference of a circle is one formed by straight lines drawn from a point on the circumference to the extremities of an arc such an angle is said to stand upon the arc, which it subtends.

15. Similar segments of circles are those which contain equal angles.

16. A sector of a circle is a figure bounded by two radii and the arc intercepted between them.

SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS.

In addition to the symbols and abbreviations given on page 10, we shall use the following.

for circle, ce for circumference.