is of the style called Decorated; the last half of it is the period of transition from the Decorated to the Perpendicular style.

5. In the fifteenth century the Perpendicular style prevailed, and this continued during the first quarter of the sixteenth century, though not without symptoms of a change even before the close of the fifteenth. It was revived again, or perhaps lingered on, to the beginning of the seventeenth; what are called Jacobean Gothic buildings of the time of James I. are often very good examples of the Perpendicular style, such as the choir of Wadham College Chapel, and Jesus College Chapel, in Oxford.

6. In the sixteenth century the Roman style was revived, and that period was called the Renaissance. In Italy it was called Cinque Cento, from the Italian mode of reckoning; Cinque Cento in Italian usually signifies what we call the sixteenth century; the thousand is always left to be understood, and the hundred is called after the figures that represent it; this error is common in other countries also. Many persons, not thinking on the subject, call the century by the figures that represent it. Thus, 1450 they call the fourteenth century, and 1350 the thirteenth century. The revival of the Pagan style did however begin in Rome in the fifteenth century. In England this style at first assumed a character of its own, and is usually called the Elizabethan style, which is a mixture of the old English and the ruder Italian of the Renaissance.

This nomenclature and this classification of the styles are alike confined to England and English work. The names of

First Pointed, Middle Pointed, and Third Pointed are general, and were intended by their authors to be applied to all Europe. But the progress of the art was not entirely simultaneous, and it would be entering on too wide a field to attempt to point out the character in each country at each period. It will therefore be more convenient to confine our attention to England, and to make use of the received terms, which are most generally understood, and most applicable to the peculiar features of our own buildings.

The name of Pointed applied to the Gothic styles is further objectionable as being calculated to mislead beginners in the study, who are thereby led to attach far too much importance to the form of the arch, which is not a safe guide at any period, Many very good Gothic buildings, especially castles and houses, have scarcely any pointed arches in them, even as late as the Edwardian castles; and, on the other hand, the pointed arch is found in buildings of early Norman character, of the time of Henry I., and becomes more common than the round arch in the time of Henry II,, before the end of the twelfth century. The First Pointed style in England is therefore the style of the twelfth century, and in the south of France of the eleventh. The inventors of this nomenclature applied it to the buildings of the thirteenth century, the earliest period at which the use of Gothic mouldings and details was fully established; but the introduction of these was not simultaneous with that of the pointed arch.

Beginners also naturally assume that all round-headed doorways belong to the Norman style or period, which is very far from being always the case. Round-headed doorways, with distinctly Early English mouldings, are extremely common. They also naturally assume that flat-headed or segmental-headed doorways or windows cannot belong to the Pointed style, or only to the latest and most debased period of it. This is also a mistake; there are many long, narrow Early English windows with flat heads, and segmental-headed windows are common in the Decorated style, as are also flat-headed windows in some parts of the country. These are often local peculiarities, and not any characteristic of the period. These persons also object to the name of Early English, as assuming that the Gothic or Medieval style is exclusively English; this is not the meaning of the term. There are Early French, Early German, or Early Belgian

Gothic buildings, but each has some national or local peculiarities distinct from the Early English, which is the most pure Gothic of all. The round abacus to the capitals is the natural form for the style, and this is almost exclusively English. It is probable that the style was developed in England a few years earlier than in any part of the Continent, owing to the long peace during the reign of Henry II., throughout the British dominion, just during the period of the greatest transition of styles.

The French Archeologists also call our Norman style the Anglo-Norman style, and they are right: this style was not fully developed until after the time of the Norman Conquest, and from that time Normandy became a province of England, and the buildings on the Norman side of the channel are not at all in advance of those on the English side. The buildings of the thirteenth century in Normandy are of Early English, not of Early French character. The round abacus is common in Normandy.

Immediately after the year 1000, when the longdreaded millenium had passed, the Christian world seems to have taken a new start, and was seized with a furore for erecting stone buildings. Radulphus Glaber, who died in 1045, and appears to relate what he had seen, says that so early as the year 1003 the number of churches and monasteries which were building in almost all countries, more especially in Italy and in France, was so great, that the world appeared to be putting off its old dingy attire and putting on a new white robe. "Then nearly all the bishops' seats, the churches, the monasteries of saints, and even the oratories in the villages, were changed by the faithful for better ones "."

a "Igitur infra supra dictum millesimum, tertio jam fere imminente anno, contigit in universo pene terrarum orbe præcipue tamen in Italia et in Galliis innovari ecclesiarum basilicas, licet pleræque decenter locatæ minimi indiquissent: æmulabatur tamen quæque gens Christi-colarum adversus alteram decentiore frui. Erat enim instar ac si mundus ipse

In the year 1017 Canute succeeded to the throne, and soon began to restore the monasteries which had been injured or destroyed by the military incursions of himself and of his father: "He built churches in all

་ ་ ་ ་ ་ ་1།:

C.H. HERTSHORSE AY

8. Barnack, Northamptonshire.

Tower-arch of Anglo-Saxon character.

the places where he had fought, and more particularly at Aschendune [Ashdon, Essex]." This edifice is

excutiendo semet rejecta vetustate, passim candidam ecclesiarum vestem indueret. Tunc denique episcopalium sedium ecclesias pene universas, ac cætera quæque diversorum sanctorum monasteria, seu minora villarum oratoria in meliora quique permutavere fideles."-Glabri Radulphi Historiæ, lib. iii. cap. 4, ex bibl. Pithæi, fol. Francof., 1506, p. 27.

b Barnack was one of the places where the old church was burnt by the Danes in their raid through that part of the country, and rebuilt by order of Canute, after the settlement of the Danes.

called a Basilica, and is expressly mentioned as being of stone and lime; at the consecration of it, Canute was present himself, and the English and Danish nobility made their offerings. All these circumstances shew that it was a building of considerable importance at that time. Yet William of Malmesbury, writing about a century afterwards, says that in his time it was an ordinary church, under the care of a parish priest c."

In 1041 EDWARD THE CONFESSOR succeeded to, and carried on, the good work of restoration which had been begun by Canute. In the great abbey that he founded at Westminster, the style of the building is distinctly Norman, though early in that style. It is about as much advanced as the work in Normandy of the same period, and is said to have been built by Norman workmen. The original parts of the church of St. Stephen, or the Abbaie aux hommes, at Caen, are not more advanced; but the work was carried on after the Conquest, and it is doubtful how much is of the time of the Confessor. Many churches and monasteries were now rebuilt, and new ones founded, and as masonry and the art of building were improved by practice, and by the importation of Norman workmen, it is probable that we have several churches of this period still remaining.

e William of Malmesbury, lib. ii. c. 181, A.D. 1020, vol. i. p. 306, ed. Hardy: "Ad consecrationem illius Basilicæ ut ipse affuit, et optimates Anglorum et Danorum donaria porrexerunt; nunc ut fertur, modica est Ecclesia presbytero parochiano delegata."

d See "Gleanings from Westminster Abbey," by Sir G. G. Scott, R.A., 8vo., 1861, and a Memoir of St. Stephen's Church, Caen, by J. H. Parker and G. Bouet, in the Transactions of the Royal Institute of British Architects, 1863 and 1866. The vaults are a century later than the walls.