Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, American Medical Association, Chicago, February 19, 1916 Missouri Valley Medical Society, St. Joseph, Mo., March 23-24, 1916. Southeastern Sanitary Association, Brunswick, Ga., March 23-24, 1916. Tennessee State Medical Association, Knoxville, Tenn., April 3-6, 1916. South Texas District Medical Association, Houston, Tex., April 6-7, 1916. Southern Sociological Congress, New Orleans, La., April 12-16, 1916. Southwest Missouri Mine, Safety & Sanitation Association, Joplin, Mo., April 15, 1916. Committee on Industrial Hygiene, New York City, April 17, 1916. Society for the Study of Mental Defectives, New York City, April 17, 1916. Cleveland Academy of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, April 21, 1916. State Medical Association, Galveston, Tex., May 9-11, 1916. American Society of Tropical Medicine, Washington, D. C., May 9-11, 1916. Florida Medical Association, Arcadia, Fla., May 10-12, 1916. National Conference of Charities and Corrections, Indianapolis, Ind., May 10-17, 1916. National Association for the Study and Prevention of Tuberculosis, Washington, D. C., May 11-12, 1916. West Virginia Medical Association, Wheeling, W. Va., May 17, 1916. Conference of Pennsylvania Physicians Engaged in Industrial Practice, Harrisburg, Pa., May 19, 1916. Hennepin County Medical Society, Minneapolis, Minn., June 3, 1916. Association of Medical Milk Commissions, Cincinnati, Ohio, June 9-10, 1916. Council on Pharmacy and Chemistry, American Medical Association, Chicago, Ill., June 9-10, 1916. American Academy of Medicine, Detroit, Mich., June 9-14, 1916. American Association of Industrial Physicans and Surgeons, Detroit, Mich., June 12-13, 1916. American Medical Association, Detroit, Mich., June 12-16, 1916. EDUCATIONAL LECTURES ON PUBLIC HEALTH. Mention has been made under different headings of the educational lectures on public health delivered by officers of the service in the course of investigations of rural sanitation, malaria, pellagra, trachoma, school hygiene, mine sanitation, etc. In addition a number of popular addresses were presented, in many cases without expense to the service, before miscellaneous audiences, as follows: State Farmers' Convention, West Raleigh, N. C., August 26, 1915. American Red Cross, first-aid lectures to seamen of the Merchant Marine, August 28, 1915. Farmers' meetings, Washington, N. C., and vicinity, August 30-September 14, 1915. Southwest Missouri Mine, Safety, and Sanitation Association, Webb City, Mo., September 23, 1915. Sanitation Day Exercises, Fredonia, Kans., October 5, 1915. New Jersey Sanitary Association, Lakewood, N. J., December 3 and 4, 1915. Patrons' League, Cherrydale Public School, Cherrydale, Va., December 7, 1915. Board of Trade, Hampton, Va., December 11, 1915. Workers' Club, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 9, 1916. Social Workers' Club, Cincinnati, Ohio, January 10, 1916. Workers' Conference, Tuskegee, Ala., January 26, 1916. George Peabody College for Teachers, Nashville, Tenn., February 1-28, 1916. State Medical College, Indianapolis, Ind., February 2–4, 1916. Chamber of Commerce, Indianapolis, Ind., February 3, 1916. Public High School, Indianapolis, Ind., February 4, 1916. College Club of Jersey City, N. J., February 10, 1916. Bowman, S. C., public meeting, February 19, 1916. Department of Superintendence, National Educational Association, Detroit, Mich., February 21-25, 1916. Emporia, Va., February 24, 1916, public meeting. Lafayette Residence Park, Va., public meeting, March 1, 1916. South Norfolk, Va., public meeting, March 6, 1916. Port Norfolk, Va., public meeting, March 8, 1916. Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, Mass., March 15, 1916. "The New Club," Boston, Mass., March 16, 1916. Memphis Commercial Club, Memphis, Tenn., March 31, 1916. Commercial Club, Omaha, Nebr., April 13, 1916. University of Missouri, Columbia, Mo., April 18, 1916. Academy of Sciences, Washington, D. C.,,April 28, 1916. Teachers' Institute, Frogmore, St. Helena Island, S. C., April 29, 1916. Virginia Medical College, Richmond, Va., May 3, 1916. University of Virginia, Medical College, Charlottesville, Va., May 4, 1916. School for Health Officers, University of Texas, Galveston, Tex., May 12 and 13, 1916. Health Day Exercises, Summerville, Ga., May 19, 1916. Baby Week, Lynchburg, Va., May 24, 1916. Medical School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis., May 31, 1916. Social Service League, Montgomery County, Takoma Park, Md., June 9, 1916. Better Community Conference, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., June 20-22, 1916. A series of first-aid lectures were also given at the Seamen's Institute, New York City, during the past fiscal year. From November 22, 1915, until the end of May, 25 courses were given, consisting of 118 lectures. The average attendance was 26.6 per session. At the end of the year examinations were held, and 104 passed and secured the Red Cross first-aid certificates. DISSEMINATION OF INFORMATION. In order that the results of investigations shall accomplish their purpose it is necessary to disseminate them through proper channels. Among the means taken to this end are (1) personal interviews with health authorities following particular studies within their jurisdictions, (2) publications, (3) lectures, (4) press service, (5) correspondence, (6) exhibits. Interviews and conferences.-Inasmuch as many investigations are undertaken on the request of State and local authorities to meet an emergency, the results of investigations are frequently made known verbally as soon as obtained and advice given based on these data, so that remedial action may be immediately taken. Advantage is frequently taken also of situations to advise not only the health authorities but the mayors and councils of cities and, at times, the executives and legislative bodies of States. Publications.-Monographs on sanitary subjects are regularly issued in the weekly Public Health Reports and in special publications, such as Public Health bulletins and Hygienic Laboratory bulletins. (See report on publications, p. 356.) Lectures. Since it is necessary for the service and its officers to keep in touch with the scientific work of others, and to make known results of work accomplished, an essential function, as previously stated, is the attendance at meetings of scientific and sanitary associations. Those in attendance at these meetings represent many sections of the country. There is accordingly presented opportunity to disseminate information first-hand, which will in turn be utilized by others and made available through them to the public at large. Attendance at these meetings is decided upon, therefore, after taking into account the National or State character of the meeting and the objects it has to accomplish. Opportunity is also taken of the presence of officers in the field to give popular addresses. By this means not only is information of local interest conveyed but the activities of the Public Health Service are brought directly to the attention of the public generally. Reference has been made in previous pages to the giving of public addresses in connection with field studies, and on page 104 appears a list of associations which were also thus popularly addressed. Press service.-Brief abstracts of all publications issued have been furnished regularly to the Division of Domestic Quarantine for dissemination to the newspapers of the country. Some of the results of investigations have also been made public by that division by means of exhibits and stereopticon slides. MARITIME QUARANTINE. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, the service operations included, as in former years, the enforcement of the United States quarantine laws and regulations providing measures to be undertaken for the prevention of the introduction of the various quarantinable diseases. In addition to these duties officers of the service were charged with the administration of quarantine stations, including the supervision of the repair and preservation of stationary construction and floating equipment. At the mainland stations there were inspected 12,120 vessels, and 1,477,055 passengers and crews. At foreign and insular ports service representatives inspected 5,198 vessels and supervised the fumigation of 1,736 vessels. For the destruction of rats and mosquitoes at mainland stations 116 vessels were fumigated with cyanide gas, and 1,678 vessels with sulphur dioxide. The grand total of passengers and crews inspected was 2,037,151 and of vessels fumigated 3,530. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1915, the number of vessels inspected at all stations totaled 15,381, and there were 3,498 vessels fumigated. During the fiscal year ended June 30, 1916, service officers inspected at all stations 17,318 vessels and fumigated 3,530 vessels, showing an increase in transactions over the previous fiscal year of 1,937 vessels inspected and 32 vessels fumigated. EXPANSION OF QUARANTINE ADMINISTRATION. Service function was augmented by the opening of the quarantine station at Galveston, Tex., on July 19, 1915, and Congress appropriated funds for the purchase of the Boston quarantine station on Gallops Island. During the previous year this station had been leased by the service and was administered by a service officer. At the present time the service controls and administers all quarantine stations of importance on the mainland of the United States, except Baltimore and New York. The latter is in charge of a service officer appointed for such purpose by the governor of New York. Preliminary steps have been taken by the authorities of that State with a view of transferring the quarantine function at the port of New York to Federal control. The city of Baltimore has signified its desire to transfer the quarantine station at that port from the city to the Federal Government. This has been due to the increasing realization that measures for the exclusion of epidemic maladies properly belongs to the National Government. Since the benefits derived therefrom are not merely local in effect, but are enjoyed by the entire country, upon the whole people thereof should fall the maintenance of such quarantine stations. Arguments for national control of maritime quarantine are 107 numerous, but in addition to the above the chief ones are: Enforcement of regulations and preventive measures in a uniform manner, economical administration, availability of a large ad mobile corps of trained quarantine officers, whose experience in quarantinable diseases and knowledge thereof has been increased by duty in foreign countries and insular possessions where such diseases mainly prevail, increased facilities for cooperation by other branches of the Federal Government, such as the Immigration and Customs Services, availability to the Public Health Service of sanitary reports from consular representatives in foreign countries; ability of the Government to better observe the obligations of international treaties and to demand reciprocal action on the part of the foreign signatories of such treaties. The National Government now owns and operates 56 quarantine stations on the mainland of the United States, and in the Philippine Islands, Hawaiian Islands, and Porto Rico 26 stations are administered by medical officers of the United States Public Health Service. In addition there are stationed at various foreign ports 17 medical officers of the Service for the purpose of further supervising the enforcement of measures provided by the United States quarantine laws and regulations, applicable to vessels at port of departure when bound for ports in the United States, its possessions or dependencies. GENERAL PREVALENCE OF QUARANTINABLE DISEASE. Several unusual conditions operated as an added menace to the sanitary condition of this country, and increased the duties and responsibilities of the officers on duty at the quarantine stations. An alarming increase of typhus occurred in Northern Mexico and Mexi'can cities located at the border of the United States. Yellow fever was also reported in Mexico, as well as a widespread infection of a malignant form of smallpox. From the various reports obtainable it would seem that on account of the disturbed conditions in that southern Republic practically all measures of sanitation have been suspended, and health conditions are in a more deplorable state of affairs than at any time in the history of modern sanitation. Yellow fever was reported present in Porto Rico by the post surgeon of the United States Army at San Juan. Neither the officer of the Public Health Service stationed there as chief quarantine officer nor the local sanitary officials agreed to this diagnosis, and later on the disease, which prevailed in epidemic form, was declared to be dengue. A very considerable epidemic of smallpox occurred in Porto Rico. Preventive measures were applied at San Juan by the chief quarantine officer, and the infection did not extend to the United States. CHOLERA. Quarantinable disease prevailed in epidemic form in many foreign ports having extensive communication with this country. Cholera was prevalent throughout India, the countries along the China coast, Japan, Singapore, and in the Malay archipelago, including the Philippine Islands. A very severe epidemic prevailed in |