The first and third lines are run-on lines; the second and fourth are end-stopped lines.

Rhyme is not absolutely necessary to modern English poetry; but it is so universally used, that it may be considered almost an essential feature of all kinds of versification except blank verse. Blank verse is verse that does not rhyme, but the term is specially applied to unrhymed iambic pentameter, like that found in Milton's Paradise Lost.

Rhymes may be of various kinds. They are indicated in explana- . tions of rhyming schemes by italicized letters: i.e. abab indicates that the first and third verses, and the second and fourth verses in a stanza, rhyme; abcb indicates that only the second and fourth verses rhyme. Rhymes sometimes occur within the verse.

Now let us sing Long live the king.

[For exercises in recognizing forms of verse, and for exercises in scansion, the students might be referred to some anthology of poetry The Oxford Book of English Verse, for instance from which they may pick examples and scan passages from them.]

APPENDIX V

GLOSSARY AND ABBREVIATIONS

GRAMMATICAL AND RHETORICAL TERMS
(Not discussed in the body of this work)

Ábstract. A summary or an epitome; a brief. abstract of every book he had read."

Abstract noun. (See Concrete noun.)

"He made an

A fortiori. A form of the a pari argument (see A pari), the "much more argument. "If God so clothe the grass of the field, which today is, and tomorrow is cast into the oven, will he not much more clothe you, O ye of little faith?”

Alexandrine verse. An iambic hexameter. (See Appendix, section Versification.)

Allegory. A description of one thing under the image of another. "I am the vine, ye are the branches." (The properties of the vine and the relation of the branches are transferred to the person of Christ and his apostles.) An allegory is a prolonged metaphor. (See Figure of speech.) Bunyan's Pilgrim's Progress is a celebrated allegory.

vals.

Alliteration. The repetition of the same letter at frequent inter"Around the rugged rocks, the ragged rascal ran.” Allusion. A reference to something supposed to be known but not specifically mentioned. "They were like David and Jonathan": (i.e. they were fast friends as David and Jonathan were fast friends). Ambiguity (Ambiguous). Doubtfulness or uncertainty as to the meaning of a word or passage, arising from its admitting of more than one meaning. "The teacher says the Kaiser is a fool." (The teacher says, "The Kaiser is a fool." "The teacher," says the Kaiser," is a fool.")

Amplify. Make fuller.

Analogy. An agreement or likeness between things in some circumstances or effects when the things are otherwise entirely different. "Learning enlightens the mind." (It is to the mind what light is to the eye, enabling it to discover things before hidden.) Anapest. A metrical foot made up of two short and one long syllable. (See Appendix, section Versification.) "In the days, etc.” Anticlimax. A passage in which the ideas become less important and striking at the close. "If once a man indulge in murder, he comes very soon to think little of robbing; from robbing he comes to drinking and Sabbath breaking, and from that to incivility and procrastination."

Antithesis. A contrast of words or sentiments occurring in the same sentence. "The prodigal robs his heir; the miser robs himself." Antonym. A word of opposite meaning. "Empty-full; good - bad."

A pari. An argument from analogy; (see Analogy) an argument from history. It is the same thing as saying like things have like results. "Cæsar had his Brutus, Charles the first his Cromwell, and George the third may profit by their example."

A posteriori. Induction; inductive reasoning. Reasoning from particular facts collected and interpreted for the purpose. "He the time of the murder, therefore he (The reverse of a priori.)

was a hundred miles away at
could not have committed it."
Apostrophe. (See Figure of speech.)

A priori. Deduction; deductive reasoning. Reasoning from general principles. "He will be sick, for he has eaten many green apples." (The reverse of a posteriori.)

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Archaism. A word or form of speech no longer in common use. Chirurgeon" (surgeon).

Asyndeton. A passage which omits the connective. "I came, I saw, I conquered."

Balanced sentence. A sentence so arranged that its clauses have the same construction and are of about the same length. John saw a bear; James killed it." (A contrast or comparison is not necessarily implied, as is the case in antithesis.)

Ballad. A popular kind of narrative poem adapted for recitation or singing. The term is usually applied to that kind of poetry which

has sprung up among a people; a poem that really has no author, for different people in different ages have contributed towards its making.

Barbarism. A word that is not permissible in careful speech or writing; this includes obsolete words, new and unestablished words, new formations from good words. "Disremember, aviate, travelogue." (The reverse of a word in good use.)

Begging the question. Assuming that which was to be proved in a discussion. "Students should not be given instruction in writing good English, because students cannot be taught to write good English."

Beside the point. An argument that does not touch the issue. "The Massachusetts schools should have a holiday on February 12, because the Illinois schools do."

Bibliography. A list of books, manuscripts, pamphlets, etc., dealing with a certain subject. The list should include the authors' names, the dates of the publications, etc.

Bombast. Language above the dignity of the occasion. "We shall go on the field, we football heroes, and fight to the death for our dear old college." Sometimes applied to language that is loud and empty. "Now we will talk about the 'League to Enforce Peace,' with the soft pedal on peace, and the loud pedal on force."

Burden of proof. A legal phrase to express the degree of proof necessary for one side as compared with that necessary for the other. It is expressed in the legal maxim He who affirms must prove. (Baldwin.)

Cacophony. A combination of discordant sounds owing to the coming together of harsh letters or syllables. 'He snarled and snorted and then crunched the scoundrel's bones." (The reverse of euphony.)

Cadence. The fall of the voice in reading and speaking; the rhythmical flow of language. "How art thou fallen from heaven, O Lucifer, son of the morning!"

Cæsura. A metrical break in a verse. (See Appendix, section Versification.) "This is the forest primeval, || the murmuring pines, etc."

Catastrophe. The final event, usually of a disastrous nature, in a romance or a dramatic piece.

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Cause and effect. That which produces a result, and that which is produced by a cause. A strikes B; B is wounded." (The blow was the cause; the wound is the effect.)

Circumstantial evidence. Evidence obtained from circumstances which usually attend facts of a particular nature, from which arises a certain presumption. It does not give an absolutely sure proof, but points in that direction.

Citation. Quotation.

Climax. A passage in which the parts are so arranged that each one rises above its predecessor in impressiveness. Also, the highest point. "Tribulation worketh patience, patience experience, and experience hope.”

Cogency. Power of compelling conviction; force.

Coining words. Making new words, or using words in a new

sense.

""Twas brillig and the slithy toves

Did

gyre and gimble in the wabe.

All mimsy were the borogoves,

And the mome raths outgrabe."

"I shall execute my poor mustachio." Collective noun. (See Concrete noun.)

Comma blunder. Separating by means of commas complete statements that are not grammatically joined. "The birds are singing, the cat is asleep on the wall, the sun is shining."

Conciseness. The expressing of much in few words. (The reverse of copiousness.)

Concrete noun. A concrete noun is a name which stands for a thing. An abstract noun is a name which stands for an attribute of a thing: "lion" and "light are concrete nouns; strength" and "brightness are abstract nouns. A collective noun is the name of a group of objects considered as one

army."

"class,"

Connotation. An implication or a suggestion of something more than is actually said. "His looks were black." (Black implies or suggests gloomy darkness accompanied by something terrible. The same idea could be conveyed by a sentence reading: He looked as though he would inspire terror and gloom.) (See Denotation.)