III. In the diocese of Asia,-Exarch of Ephesus.

IV. In the diocese of Pontus,-Exarch of Cæsarea.

V. In the diocese of Thrace,-Exarch of Heraclea first,

Provinces.

4 Rhodope.

5 Mæsia Secunda.

6 Scythia.

Metropoles.

4 Trajanopolis.

5 Marcianopolis.

6 Tomi 3.

VI. In the diocese of Macedonia,-Exarch of Thessalonica.

VII. In the diocese of Dacia,-Exarch perhaps first at Sardica, afterwards at Acrida, or Justiniana Prima,

VIII. The diocese of Italy is by some reckoned but one diocese, by others divided into two, the diocese of Italy and the prefecture of Rome.

In the Italic diocese,-Exarch of Milan.

IX. In the diocese of Illyricum Occidentale,-Exarch of

X. In the diocese of Africa,—Exarch of Carthage.

XI. In the diocese of Spain,-Exarch uncertain.

XII. In the diocese of Gallia,-Exarch uncertain.

XIII. In the diocese of Britain,—Exarch of York, if any.

This evidenced further from the rules

and canons of the Church.

This, in the main, was the state and division of the Church into provinces and exarchates, or metropolitical and patriarchal dioceses, in the latter end of the fourth century: from which it appears that a very near correspondence was observed between the Church and State in this matter, both in the Western and Eastern Empire.

7. And this may be evidenced further both from the rules and canons, and the known practice of the Church in this case. For when any provinces were divided in the State, there commonly followed a division in the Church also: and when any city was advanced to a greater dignity in the civil account, it usually obtained a like promotion in the ecclesiastical. So when controversies arose about primacy between two churches in the same province or district, the way to end the dispute was to inquire which of them was the metropolis in the State, and order the same to be the metropolis in the Church. Of all which there are manifest proofs in ancient history. It was by this rule that the bishop of Constantinople was advanced to patriarchal power in the Church, who before was not so much as a metropolitan, but subject to the primate of Heraclea in Thrace; and this very reason is given by two general Councils. which confirmed him in the possession of this newly acquired power. The first of Constantinople decreed that he should have the next place of honour after the bishop of Rome, because Constantinople was New Rome.' Which was thus again confirmed and ratified in the Council of Chalcedon, which says, 'Forasmuch as we think it proper to follow the decrees

7 C. 3. (t. 2. p. 947 c.) Τὸν μέν τοι Κωνσταντινουπόλεως ἐπίσκοπον ἔχειν τὰ πρεσβεῖα τῆς τιμῆς μετὰ τὸν τῆς Ῥώμης ἐπίσκοπον, διὰ τὸ εἶναι αὐτὴν νέαν Ρώμην.

8 C. 28. (1. 4. p. 770 a.) Πανταχοῦ τοῖς τῶν ἁγίων πατέρων ὅροις ἑπόμενοι, καὶ τὸν ἀρτίως ἀναγνωσθέντα κανόνα τῶν ρν. θεοφιλεστάτων ἐπισκόπων γνωρίζοντες, τὰ αὐτὰ καὶ ἡμεῖς ὁρίζομεν καὶ ψηφιζόμεθα περὶ τῶν πρεσβείων τῆς ἁγιωτάτης ἐκκλησίας Κωνσταντινουπόλεως, νέας Ρώμης. Καὶ γὰρ τῷ θρόνῳ τῆς πρεσβυτέρας Ρώμης, διὰ τὸ βασιλεύειν τὴν ἐκείνην, οἱ πατέρες εἰκότως ἀποδεδώκασι τὰ πρεσβεία· καὶ τῷ αὐτῷ σκοπῷ

κινούμενοι οἱ ρν. θεοφιλέστατοι ἐπίσκοποι τὰ ἴσα πρεσβεῖα ἀπένειμαν τῷ τῆς νέας Ρώμης ἁγιωτάτῳ θρόνῳ, εὐ λόγως κρίναντες, τὴν βασιλείᾳ καὶ συγκλήτῳ τιμηθεῖσαν πόλιν, καὶ τῶν ἴσων ἀπολαύουσαν πρεσβείων τῇ πρεσβυτέρᾳ βασιλίδι Ρώμῃ, καὶ ἐν τοῖς ἐκκλησιαστικοῖς, ὡς ἐκείνην, μεγαλύ νεσθαι πράγμασι, δευτέραν μετ ̓ ἐκεί νην ὑπάρχουσαν· καὶ ὥστε τοὺς Ποντικῆς, καὶ τῆς ̓Ασιανῆς, καὶ τῆς Θρᾷκικῆς διοικήσεως μητροπολίτας μόνους, ἔτι δὲ καὶ τοὺς ἐν τοῖς βαρβαρικοῖς ἐπισκόπους τῶν προειρημένων διοικήσεων χειροτονεῖσθαι ἀπὸ τοῦ προειρημένου ἁγιωτάτου θρόνου τῆς κατὰ Κωνσταντινούπολιν ἁγιωτάτης ἐκκλησίας