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THE REV. R. BINGHAM, JUN., M.A.
FORMERLY OF MAGDALENE HALL, OXFORD,
AND
FOR MANY YEARS CURATE OF TRINITY CHURCH, GOSPORT.
A NEW EDITION, IN TEN VOLUMES.
VOL. III.
OXFORD:
AT THE UNIVERSITY PRESS.
M. DCCC. LV.
4.3-47
CONTENTS
OF THE
EIGHTH, NINTH, AND TENTH BOOKS
OF
THE ANTIQUITIES OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH.
BOOK VIII.
AN ACCOUNT OF THE ANCIENT CHURCHES, AND THEIR SEVERAL
PARTS, UTENSILS, CONSECRATIONS, IMMUNITIES, &c.
CHAPTER I.
Of the several names and first original of churches among Christians.
SECT. I. Of the name ecclesia, and ékkλnσiaσtýpiov, 1.-II. Of the names
dominicum and κupiaκòv, whence comes kyrk and church, and domus
columbæ, 2.-III. Of the distinction between domus Dei, domus divina,
and domus ecclesiæ, 5.-IV. Churches called oratories, or houses of
prayer, 6.-V. Why called basilica and áváκropa, 8.-VI. When first
called temples, 9.-VII. Churches sometimes called synodi, concilia, con-
ciliabula, conventicula, 10.—VIII. Why some churches called martyria,
memoriæ, apostoleia, and propheteia, 13.-IX. Why called cœmeteria,
mensæ, and areæ, 15.-X. Why case, tropea, and tituli, 17.—XI. Of
tabernacles and minsters, and some other less usual names of churches,
20.-XII. Of the distinction between ecclesia matrix and diœcesana, 22.
-XIII. Proofs of churches in the first century, collected by Mr. Mede,
25.-Proofs in the second century, 28.-XV. Proofs in the third cen-
tury, 29.-XVI. The objection from Lactantius and Arnobius an-
swered, 32.-XVII. Some additional collections upon this head, 33.
CHAPTER II.
Of the difference between churches in the first ages and those that fol-
lowed. And of Heathen temples and Jewish synagogues converted into
Christian churches.
SECT. I. The first churches very simple and plain, 39.—II. Reasons for
enlarging and altering the state of ecclesiastical structures, 41.-III.
Particularly the munificence of Christian emperors contributed toward
this, 42.-IV. As also their orders for converting Heathen temples into
churches, 44.
CHAPTER III.
Of the different forms and parts of the ancient churches. And first
of the exterior narthex, or ante-temple.
SECT. I. Churches anciently of different forms, 50.-II. And different situ-
ations from one another, 52.—III. Commonly divided into three parts,
and sometimes into four or five, 54.--IV. And these subdivided into other
parts. The exterior narthex, or ante-temple, included first the póñνλov,
or vestibulum, the porch, 55.—V. The atrium, or the area, or court, be-
fore the church, surrounded with porticoes or cloisters, 55.-VI. In the
middle of which stood a fountain for washing as they entered into the
church, called cantharus and phiala in some authors, 56.—VII. Whe-
ther the superstitious use of holy water be a corruption of this an-
cient custom, 57.-VIII. The atrium and porticoes in the ante-temple,
only made use of for burying the dead, 58.
CHAPTER IV.
Of the interior narthex, and the parts and uses of it.
SECT. I. Of the lesser πpóñʊλa, or porches, before the doors of the church,
59.-II. Of the narthex, póvaos, or ferula, 60.-III. The use of it for
the catechumens and penitents of the second order, 61.—IV. Also for
Jews, Heathens, heretics, and schismatics to hear in, 62.-V. This not
the place of the font, or baptistery, as in our modern churches, 62.—
VI. Why called narthex, and of the different sorts of nartheces in several
churches, 63.
CHAPTER V.
Of the naos, or nave of the church, and its parts and uses.
SECT. I. Of the beautiful and royal gates. Why so called, 64.-II. The
nave of the church usually a square building, called by some the oratory
of laymen, 65.-III. In the lowest part of which stood the substrati,
or penitents of the third order, 65.—IV. And the ambo or reading-desk,
66.—V. And above this the communicants and fourth order of peni-
tents, called consistentes, had their places, 69.-VI. The places of men
and women usually separate from each other, 70.-VII. Why these
places of the women were called κατηχούμενα and ὑπερῶα, 73.-VIII.
Private cells for meditation, reading, and prayer, on the back of these,
74.-IX. The place of the virgins and widows distinguished from others,
74.-X. The owλeiov, or solea, that is, the magistrate's throne, in this
part of the church, 76.
CHAPTER VI.
Of the bema, or third part of the temple, called the altar and the sanctuary,
and the parts and uses of it.
SECT. I. The chancel, anciently called bema, or tribunal, 79.—-II. Also
ayiov, or reparéîov, and sacrarium, the holy, or the sanctuary, 80.-III.
And Ovσiaσrýρiov, the altar-part, 81.—IV. Presbyterium and diaconicum,
81.-V. Also chorus, or choir, 82.—VI. This place separated from the
rest by rails, called cancelli, whence comes chancel, 82.-VII. And kept
inaccessible to the multitude: whence it was called adyta, 82.-VIII.
The holy gates, and veils, or hangings, dividing the chancel from the
rest of the church, 84.-IX. The highest part of the chancel called
apsis, exedra, or conchula bematis, 86.-X. This anciently the place of the
thrones of the bishop and his presbyters, 87.-XI. And of the altar or
communion-table, 89.-XII. Both these names indifferently used in the
Primitive Church, 90.-XIII. In what sense the Ancients say, they had
no altars, 92.-XIV. Of the names holy table, mystical table, &c. 93.-
XV. Altars generally made of wood till the time of Constantine, 94.-
XVI. But one altar anciently in a church, 96.-XVII. And sometimes
but one in a city, though several churches, according to some authors,
98.-XVIII. Of the ciborium, or canopy of the altar, 100.-XIX. Of the
peristerion or columbæ, 101.-XX. When first the figure of the cross
set upon the altar, 103.-XXI. Of some other ornaments and utensils
of the altar, 104.-XXII. Of the oblationarium, or prothesis, 112.-
XXIII. Of the sceuophylacium, or diaconicum bematis, 115.
CHAPTER VII.
Of the baptistery, and other outer buildings, called the exedra of the
church.
SECT. I. Baptisteries anciently buildings distinct from the church, 116.
-II. These very capacious, and why, 119.-III. Why called porioTŃ-
pia, places of illumination, 120.-IV. Of the difference between a
baptistery and a font. And why the font called piscina and κoλvμßý@pa,
121.-V. How fonts and baptisteries were anciently adorned, 122.—VI.
Baptisteries anciently more peculiar to the mother-church, 123.-VII.
Of the secretarium, or diaconicum magnum, the vestry, 125.-VIII. Why
called receptorium, or salutatorium, 127.-IX. Of the decanica or prisons
of the church, 128.-X. Of the mitatorium or metatorium, 129.-XI. Of
the gazophylacium and pastophoria, 130.-XII. Of the schools and
libraries of the church, 133.-XIII. In what sense dwelling-houses,
gardens, and baths, reckoned parts of the church, 136.—XIV. When
organs first came to be used in the church, 137.-XV. Of the original
of bells, and how church-assemblies were called before their invention,
141.
CHAPTER VIII.
Of the anathemata, and other ornaments of the ancient churches.
SECT. I. What the Ancients meant by their anathemata in churches, 147.
-II. One particular kind of these, called éкtvíάμara, when first brought
into churches, 150.-III. Churches anciently adorned with portions of
Scripture written upon the walls, 152.—IV. And with other inscriptions
of human composition, 152.-V. Gilding and mosaic work used in the an-
cient churches, 154.-VI. No pictures or images allowed in churches for
the first three hundred years, 155.-VII. First brought in by Paulinus
and his contemporaries privately, and by degrees, in the latter end of the