OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS RELATING TO THE CIR-
CULATION OF THE PRODUCE OF LABOUR BY
Introduction, on the importance of Commerce, 249.
Of the causes of the circulation of the produce of Labour, 253.
Of the Value of the Produce of Labour, 255: this Value is regula-
ted, 1st, by the wants of the Consumers, and their means of sup-
plying them, 256; 2dly, by the demand for Commodities, and
their abundance or scarcity, 257; 3dly, by Labour, 258; 4thly,
by Land and Labour, 259; 5thly, by the value of Man, 260.
There is no invariable Standard of Value, 264. Money and
Corn are not better calculated than Labour to fix the Value of
things for distant times, 268; there is no fixed Value of things
but up to what their production has cost, 270; beyond this the
Profits on Productions of Labour are unequal, 271; this inequali-
ty of Profits is indifferent with regard to the Home-Trade, 272;
it is not injurious in the exchange of Home for Foreign produce,
273; except in one particular case, 278.
Of the influence of Money and credit upon the circulation of the
Produce of labour, 286. Different kinds of Money, 287: ob-
jects of every Monetary System, 288; obstacles which it en-
counters: 1, in the nature of things, 289; 2, in the confused
notions of its own nature, 290. What is Money? 295. Is a
Seignorage on Coin advantageous? 297. Is either Gold or Silver
alone to be admitted as Money? 300. Is there a known and
fixed proportion between Money and the Produce which it is to
circulate? 303. Is the abundance of Money favourable or in-
different to the progress of Wealth? 306. Is a Gold and Silver
Currency necessary to the formation of Wealth? 312. Does its
Plenty contribute to the progress of Wealth? 314.
Of Credit and Banks, 319: what is Credit? ibid: three sorts of
Credit, 322: 1, Commercial Credit, ibid. Of the liquidation of
Commercial Credit by setting off or compensating one debt against
the other, 326. Of Deposit Banks, 329; Bank of Venice, ibid;
Bank of Genoa, or Bank of St. George, 332; Bank of Amster-
dam, 334; Bank of Rotterdam, 337; Bank of Hamburgh,
ibid. Of Banks of Circulation, 338: Bank of England, ibid ;
its nature, 340; its extent, 342; its advantages and inconveni-
encies, 346. Number of Banks of that kind in England, 349,
The amount of Commercial Debts liquidated with Bank-notes,
350. Is an abundant Paper Currency favourable to the progress
of Wealth? 351. Of the Banks of Circulation that have
existed in France, 352: Mr. Law's Bank, 353; Discounting
Bank (Caisse d' Escompte), ibid; Bank of Current Accounts,
354; Commercial Bank, 355; Manufacturers' Bank, ibid; Land
Bank, ibid: Bank of France, 356. Which of the two kinds of
Banks is most favourable to the progress of Wealth, 368. 2. Pri-
vate Credit, 371: Banks of Circulation of no use to it, 372. Pri-
vate Credit has made little progress, because it is opposed by most
Religions, 373. The law fixes the rate of Interest, and favours
the Debtor, 374. 3. Public Credit, and wherein it resembles
Commercial and Private Credit, 378.
Which Trade is the most beneficial to National Wealth ? 381.
Opinions in favour of Foreign Trade, 382; in favour of the
Home Trade, 384: Foreign Trade is the most conducive to
National Wealth, 386. Of the different methods of carrying on
the Foreign Trade of a Country, 398.
1. of Corporations and privileged Companies, 398; this method of
trading is prejudicial to Wealth, 399.
2. Of Modern Colonies, 404: their difference from the Colonies
of the Ancients, ibid. This mode of trading is beneficial, and has
been of great service, with regard to population, 405; to capitals,
406; and to Public and Private Wealth, 410. Have Nations
with Colonies shared more largely in these advantages than Na-
tions that have no Colonies? 411. Of Colonial Monopoly, 413:
it is of no advantage to monopolizing Nations, 417.
s. Of Treaties of Commerce, 417; when are they beneficial? 418.
CHAP. IX.
Of Exchanges, and the Balance of Trade, 419: Balance of Ex-
ports and Imports are neither certain nor positive, 420. The
subject of Exchanges is involved in still more inaccuracy and ob-
scurity, 421. Difference between the Balance of Foreign Com-
merce and that of the Home-Trade, 423. Is there any certain
way to know the State of the Home Trade? 426.
Conclusion of the Fourth Book, 428.
OF THE VARIOUS SYSTEMS CONCERNING THE NA-
TIONAL INCOME AND CONSUMPTION.
Of the National Income, 431. Is there any difference between Na-
tional and Private Income? 432: they are one and the same
thing, 434. Of the distribution of National Income, 437.
Of Consumption, 442: ought it to be equal to the Income? ibid.
Of Luxury, 446; among the Ancients, ibid; in the Middle Age,
447; in Modern times, 448. Is Consumption the cause or the
effect of Wealth? 451. Are some kinds of Consumption more or
less favourable to Wealth? 458.
Conclusion of the Work, 460.
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