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Prices of Food, and then often Famine Prices.-
Free Trade was forced upon Sir R. Peel.-Effects
of this System on national Progress and Inde-
pendence.-Protection must continue to be the
Policy of young and growing States. -Which is
the Result, on their part, of Necessity.-The Ef-
fects of Free Trade must be judged of before 1852.
-Necessity of maritime Superiority to the pres-
ent Existence of Britain.

Council of State.-Movement in favor of Reform

in the Chamber.-Argument in favor of parlia-

mentary Reform.-Lamartine's Reply.--Reflec-

tions on this Debate, and its Result.-Extension

of the Railway System in France.-Close of the

Session, and new Elections.--Death of the Duke

of Orleans. Vast Importance of this Event. -

Division of Parties on the Regency Question.-

Argument of Guizot and Thiers for the Bill.-

Argument of M. Lamartine for the Regency of
the Duchess of Orleans.-Result of the Debate,
and Reflections on it.-M. Guizot as a Statesman.
-His character as an Orator.-M. Thiers as a
Statesman.-M. Thiers as a Speaker.-His Fate
as a Minister.--Lamartine as a Statesman.-His
excessive Vanity, which ruined every thing.-
M. Odillon Barrot. - M. Marrast.-M. Louis
Blanc. M. Berryer.-M. Duchâtel, Marshal
Soult, and Count Molé.-Corruption of the Min-
isterial Majority in the Chamber.-Its great Ex-
tent.-Demoralization of the National Guard.—
Resumé of the State of France at this Period.

Prosperous Condition of France in 1841.-Great

material Prosperity of the Period.-Universal

thirst for Gain.-Accumulating Feelings of Dis-

content in the working Classes.-Great Magni-

tude of the Deficits in the Revenue.-Increasing

Discontent of the working Classes.-Trifling Sub-

jects in Debate in the Chamber, and serious Ob-

jects of Thiers.-Objects of general Thought and

Interest at the same time.-Cause to which this

Divergence was owing.-The Chamber of Peers

afforded no Remedy for these Evils.-Extreme

Danger of this State of things.-Great Mistake

committed in the national Education.-Its irre-

ligious Character led it to run into Socialism.

Blindness of the Government and the higher

Classes to the Socialist Ingers. Corruption

and Influence became the great Engine of Gov-

ernment. The Liberals exert all their Efforts to

discredit the Government.-Louis Blanc's Picture

of France at this Period.-Spread of Socialist Prin-

ciples, and their Origin.-Which was aided by

the Want of an adequate Currency.-Which led

to a general Demand for parliamentary Reform.

-Strong Feeling excited in regard to the Sub.

servience of France to England.-Different Ob-

ject on which the Attention of Government was

set.-Position and Movements of the Catholic

Clergy.--Speech of M. Arago on parliamentary

Reform.-Answer of M. Thiers.-Reflections on

this Debate.-Great Succession of Reform Ban-

quets.--Banquet at Chatillon.-Growing Import-

ance of the Question of Wages.--Speech of M.

Arago on the subject.-Commencement of Com-

bination and Riot in Paris.-Serious Riots in

September.-Vigorous Measures of Government

to suppress the Insurgents.-Causes which pro-

duced this Outbreak among the working Classes.

-Temporary Causes which also concurred.--Ef-

fect of the general monetary Crisis.-Total Fail-

ure of the Attempt to make private Railway Lines

in France.--The Government undertake the Lines.

-Disastrous State of the Finances in consequence.

-Speech of M. Humann on the Finances.-Un-

toward Commencement of the Ministry of M.

Guizot.-Efforts of England for Suppression of

the Slave-trade.-Treaties of 1831 and 1833 with

France regarding the Slave-trade.-Treaty of

December 20, 1841, between France and the Al-

lied Powers.--Its Provisions.-Indignation which

the Treaty excited in France and America.-In-

terdiction of the Polish Banquet.--Publication of

Letters ascribed to Louis Philippe.--Prosecutions

against the Editors who published the Papers.-

Ambiguity in regard to the Authorship of the

Letters. Debate on Reform, and its Refusal.-

Law on literary Property defeated.-First Step EXTERNAL AFFAIRS OF FRANCE AND EUrope,

Description of Algeria, and its three separate Re-

gions.-Description of the Sahara.-Influence

thence arising to the Rulers of the Tel.-Ex-

treme Varieties of the Climate.-The Kabyles.

-Statistics of the Colony.-Difficulties of the

Colony in respect of Industry.-Exports and Im-

ports. Great Importance of Algiers as a School

for War.-Qualities called out in the Officers and

Soldiers. Character of Changarnier.-Cavaig

nac.-Canrobert.-Marshal Bugeaud.-General

de Lamoricière.-General Bosquet.-Marshal St.

Arnaud.-Marshal Pelissier. The Zouaves.-

State of Algiers in 1840.-First Operations of the

Campaign, and Capture of Medeah.-Expedition

against Milianah.-Bloody Combat on the Col

de Mouzaia. Campaign of 1841.-Successful

Campaign of 1841.-Submission of various Tribes

in the South and West.-Final Defeat and Flight

of Abd-el-Kader.-His Reappearance.-Capture

of the Harem of Abd-el-Kader.-Commencement

of Difficulties with Marocco.-Which lead to a

Rupture.-Attack on the French by the Troops

of Marocco, Combat on the Mouillah.-Confer-

ence between General Bedeau and the Marocco

Chief. The Conference ends in Hostilities.-

Commencement of Hostilities with Marocco by

Sea and Land.-Bombardment of Tangiers and

Mogador. Critical Position of the French, and

their Resolution to fight.-Dispositions for the

Battle.-Battle of Isly.-Glorious Victory of

the French.-Peace with Marocco.-Campaign

against the Kabyles, and fresh Efforts of Abd-

el-Kader.-Capitulation of Abd-el-Kader, and its

Violation by the French.-General Submission

and Pacification of Algeria.-General View of

Algeria, as finally acquired by the French.-

Diminutive Scale still of its industrial Resources.

-Parallel of the British Empire in India and the

French in Algeria.

CHAPTER XLVI.

FROM THE DEATH OF THE DUKE OF ORLEANS
IN 1843 TO THE REVOLUTION OF 1848.
Change in the external Policy of France in the last
years of Louis Philippe's Reign.-French Ex-
citement on the affair of Otaheite.-Pacific Views
of Louis Philippe and M. Guizot.-Violence of
the public Journals.-Affair of the University,
and Retirement of M. Villemain. Argument of
M. Thiers against the Jesuits.-Answer of M.
Guizot and M. Le Martin du Nord.--Decision of
the Chamber on the subject.-Negotiations with

Revolt in Sicily.--Public. tion of a Constitution
at Naples.--Great Sensation produced by this
Change in Italy.-Convulsions in Sicily.--Cre-
dulity of Lord Palmerston to the Liberal Italian
Agents.-Affairs of Switzerland, and Progress of
Democracy in it.-Progress of democratic Influ-
ences in it.-Rapid Growth of Radicalism in the
Swiss Cities.--Origin of the religious Disputes.
-Invasion of the Free Bands under Ochsenbein.
-Which leads to the Sunderbund.-Proceedings
of the great Council against the Sunderbund.-
Preparations for civil War.-Policy of France
and Austria at this Crisis.-Policy of Lord Pal-
merston to support the Radicals. Divergence of
Lord Palmerston's Policy on the Question.-Dis-
astrous Effect of this Divergence.--Lord Palmer-
ston delays to join in the French and Austrian
Intervention. Forces on both sides.-Easy Suc-
cess of the Radicals.-The tardy Mediation of the
five Powers is declined.-Alarm which these
Measures of England awakened on the Conti-
nent.-Formation of a League against Great
Britain.-Weakness of Great Britain at Sea and
Land at this Period.-Reflections on the extraor-
dinary Disproportion of the Danger and Means
of Resistance.-Cause of the opposite foreign
Policy of France and England at this Period.-
The Completeness of Revolution in one Country,
and its Incompleteness in the other, occasioned
the Difference.

CHAPTER XLVII.

the Court of Rome on the subject, and Ordon-
nance against the Jesuits.-Effect of these Meas-
ures.-Treaty regarding the Right of Search for
Slaves. State of Poland since the Termination
of the War.-Beneficial Changes in Prussian Po-
land.-State of things in Galicia.-Disputes
about the Corvées.--Spread of Socialism in Gal-
icia. Injurious Influence of the Jews.-And
disbanded Soldiers.-Commencement of the In-
surrection of the Nobles.-Commencement of
the Insurrection.--Horrors of the Insurrection.
-Disturbances at Cracow, and its Abandon-
ment by the Austrians. Recapture of Cra-
cow. Reflections on the Annexation of Cra-
cow. Great Sensation produced by these Events
in Europe. Justification of the Annexation
which this Conduct of the Cracow Insurgents
afforded.-Embarrassment of M. Guizot and
Lord Palmerston on the Polish Question.-Re-
newed Attempt to assassinate Louis Philippe.-
Escape of Louis Napoleon from the Chateau of
Ham.-Mode in which he effected his Escape.--
Slight Attention which this Event excited. Mar-
riage of the Duke de Bordeaux.--Last Election
under Louis Philippe.-The Spanish Marriages.
History of the Question.-Danger to England
from the French and Spanish Alliance.-Repeal
of the Salic Law, and Opening of the Spanish
Throne to Queens.-Effects of this Change on
the Interests of England.-Queen Christina's
Proposal of a double Marriage to Louis Philippe.
-Which are declined by Louis Philippe.-Fur-
ther Conferences on the subject.-Conferences at
the Château d'Eu and at Windsor on the subject.-FRANCE FROM THE Middle of 1847 to THE FALL
The Queen-Regent offers the Hand of her Daugh-
ter the Queen to Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg.
Intrigue for the simultaneous Marriage of the
Queen and Infanta, which is disapproved by
Louis Philippe.-Lord Palmerston's Letter of
19th July to Sir H. Bulwer.-Terror of M. Guizot
and Louis Philippe of the Coburg Proposal.-The
two Marriages are contracted on the same Day.
Coldness in consequence of the British and
French Governments.-Disastrous Effects of this
Coldness.-Its Effects on the Future of France
and England.-Who was to blame in these Mar-
riages.-Lord Palmerston's was an imprudent
Ship; Guizot's a Breach of Faith.-Effects of this
Disunion of France and England on Poland.-
Diplomatic Differences of France and England
on the Treaty of Utrecht.-Cordiality of France
and England before the affair of the Spanish
Marriages.-Affairs of Greece, and Disaccord of
France and England regarding it.-Which is at
first supported, and then disowned, by Russia.—
Commencement of a Coldness, which approach-
es to a Rupture. Increased Division between
France and England regarding Greece.-Differ-
ences regarding Portugal and La Plata.-Af-
fairs at Madrid, and Alienation of the King and
Queen.-Affairs of Italy. Death of the Pope,
and Accession of Pius IX.-Election and Char-
acter of Pius IX.-State of Italian Opinion at
this time.-Character of Pius IX.-General Am-
nesty, and Transports with which it was received.
-First Acts of the Pope.-Difficulties which be-
set the Papal Government.-Which are increased
by the general Concourse of Liberals to Rome.-
Adoption of the same Policy in the Grand Duchy
of Tuscany.-Movements in Sardinia and Pied-
mont.-Papal Declaration against Liberalism.-
Revolutionary Movement in Rome.-Measures
of the Austrian and French Cabinets.-Conduct
of the French Government.-Effects in Pied-
mont.-Prince Metternich's Views at this Crisis.
-M. Guizot's Policy as to Italy at this Period.
--Policy of the English Government at the same
time.-Great Reforms introduced into Piedmont.
-Revolution at Lucca, and its Annexation to
Tuscany.-Enthusiasm excited at Rome by Lord
Minto's Arrival.-M. Rossi's warning Remarks
to the Pope and the Radicals.-Riot in Rome.-

OF LOUIS PHILIPPE IN FEBRUARY, 1848.
Alarming internal State of France in the end of
1847.-Prince de Joinville's Letter to the Duke
de Nemours.--Views of the King on the subject.
-Deficiency of the Crops in 1845 and 1846.-
Failure of the potato Crop in 1846, and moneta-
ry Crisis.-Financial State of 1847, and great
Loans contracted for by the Government.-En-
larged Issue of Bank-notes.-General Corruption
in the Government Departments.-Events which
brought it to Light.-Revelation of further Scan-
dal.

Result of the Trial, and Conviction of the
accused.-Murder of the Duchess of Praslin.-
Details of the Catastrophe, and its Termination.
-Use made of these Abuses by the Revolution-
ists.-Cry for parliamentary Reform.-Discon-
tent of the National Guard. Coalition of Parties
against the Government, and Measures agreed
on.-Commencement of the banquet Agitation.
-Duvergier d'Hauranne's Speech.--M. de La-
martine's Speech at Maçon.--Efforts of the Lil-
erals to keep back the Socialists.--M. de Lamar-
tine's ulterior Views.-Decline of the banquet
Agitation in the end of the Year.--Meeting of
the Chambers, and King's Speech.-Discussion
on the Address.-Aflair of M. Petit.--Speech of
M. Thiers.-Speech of M. de Tocqueville.--Speech
of M. Billault.--Speech of M. de Lamartine.-M.
Duchâtel's Answer.--Last Budget of Louis Phi-
lippe.-Divisions on the Address.-The Opposi-
tion resolve on a Banquet.-Great Agitation in
Paris on the Announcement.-Death of the Prin-
cess Adelaide.-Preparations for the Banquet.-
Programme of the proposed Procession.--Diffi-
culties on both sides regarding a Procession.--
Debate, and Decision of the Literal Chiefs
against the Procession.-Articles in the National
and Reforme on the subject.--Strength of the Re-
publicans at this Period.--Forces of the Govern-
ment, and its Measures.--Aspect of the People.
--Insidious Policy of the National Guard.-The
National Guard in effect join the Insurgents.--
Consternation in the Tuileries.-- Resignation of
M. Guizot.-Announcement of this to the Cham-
bers, and its Reception in Paris. -Catastrophe in
front of M. Guizot's House.--Parade of the dead
Bodies through Paris.-M. Thiers is sent for.-
Excessive Agitation in Paris during the Night.

-Marshal Bugeaud's Success.-M. Thiers and
Ollon Barrot succumb, and withdraw the
Troops.-Ruinous Consequences of this Conces-
sion.-Abandonment of the Palais Royal.--Last
Hours of the Monarchy.-The King is forced to
Abdicate.-Proceedings of the Generals at this
time, and Flight of the King.-Escape of the
Royal Family.--Heroic Conduct of the Duchess
of Orleans. Opinion in the Chamber of Depu-
ties.-Treachery of M. de Lamartine.--Entrance
of the Duchess of Orleans into the Chambers.-
She is refused a Hearing, and obliged by the Mob
to retire.-Nomination of the Provisional Gov-
ernment.-Nomination of another Provisional
Government, and Proclamation of a Republic.—
M. Lamartine's Portrait of the Revolutionists.--
Escape of the Duchess of Orleans and the Royal
Family.-Causes which brought about the Rev-
olution. Which was ultimately owing to its
revolutionary Origin.

CHAPTER XLVIII.

CHINESE WAR AND INDIAN HISTORY, FROM THE
AFGHANISTAN DISASTER IN 1841 TO THE GEN-
ERAL PACIFICATION OF THE EAST IN 1842.
England is now for the first time brought into Hos-
tility with China.-Description of China. Con-
stancy of the Character of its People.-Extent
and Population of the Country.-Revenues of the
State.-Forces by Sea and Land.-Great Towns
of China.-Geographical Description of the Coun-
try.-Canals, and especially the great one.--
Variety of the Climate, and natural Productions.
-Despotic Powers of the Viceroys, and Indiffer-
ence of the Central Government to their Con-
cerns.--Agriculture of China.--The land Ten-
ures.-Form of Government.-Practical Checks
on the Government.--Religion of the Chinese.-
State of Education among the Chinese.-Cau-
tions Management of their Trade by the East
India Company.--Change when the China Trade
was thrown open.-Passage of the Bocca Tigris
and Tiger Island.--Pacific State of Affairs in
1835 and 1836.-Vast Increase of the smuggling
Trade in 1833 and 1837.-Vigorous Measures of
the Viceroy Lin.--Further violent Proceedings
of the Chinese.--Commencement of Hostilities.
-Further Hostilities with a larger Squadron.--
Ineffectual Negotiations. Capture of the Forts
of Canton.-The Treaty is disavowed on both
sides, though partially executed.--Storming of
the Forts.--Further Hostilities, a fresh Armis-
tice, and renewed War.-Plan for Storming of
the Forts of Canton.--Storming of the Forts.--
Terins of Accommodation with the Canton Gov-
ernment.--Storming of Amoy.--Second Capture
of Chusan. -- Storming of Chinghae, and of
Ningpo.-Defeats of the Chinese around Ning-
po.-Capture of Chapoo.-Operations against the
Yang-tze-Kiang River. Its Importance.-For-
cing of the Entrance of the Yang-tze-Kiang and
Woosung Rivers.-Failure of Negotiations, and
Advance of the British Fleet to Chin-Kiang-foo.
-Description and Storming of Chin-Kiang-foo.-
Arrival of the British before Nankin, and Prep-
arations to storm it.-Terms of the Treaty.-
Reflections on this Treaty.-Disastrous State of
India after the Afghanistan Defeat.-Collection
of a new Army at Peshawur.-Character of Gen-
eral Pollock.-Character of General Nott.-Dif-
ferent Opinions in Government as to the Course
to be pursued regarding Afghanistan.-Extreme
and general Despondence over India.-Agitation
and incipient Confederacy among the native Pow-
ers. Depressed State of the Troops at Peshawur.
-Failure of the Attempt to force the Pass.-Bad
State of the Troops when Pollock arrived.-Cour-
age and Fortitude of the Garrison of Jellalabad.
-Earthquake at Jellalabad.-Efforts of the Gar-
rison to repair the Disaster.-Continuance of the

Blockade, and Arrival of Reinforcements at Pesh-
awur.-Plan of Attack on the Khyber.-Storm-
ing of the Pass.-Great Effect of this Victory,
and Advance to Jellalabad.-Glorious Defense of
Jellalabad.-Total Defeat of the Afghans.-Lord
Ellenborough's Proclamation to the Garrison of
Jellalabad. Character of Lord Ellenborough.-
What led to his early Recall.-Lord Ellenbor-
ough's Preference of the military Authorities to
the civil.-Lord Ellenborough's Views regarding
Afghanistan.-Position of the British in Canda-
har.-Commencement of the Candahar Revolt.
-Battle of the Urghundaub.-Great Difficulties
of Nott's Situation.-Able Plans of the Afghans.
-Glorious Defense of Candahar by Rawlinson
and Lane.-Reinforcements prepared in Scinde.
-Defeat of General England.-Fall of Ghuznee.
-Heroic Defense of Khelat-i-Ghilzye.-Lord El-
lenborough abandons the idea of an Advance to
Cabul.-Murder of Shah Soojah.-Strong Opin-
ions of Pollock, Nott, and Outram, in favor of
an Advance to Cabul.-Circumstances which ren-
dered the Advance more feasible. - Improved
Condition of both Pollock's and Nott's Armies.
-Successful Expedition into the Shinwarree Val-
ley.-Advance of Pollock toward Cabul.-Vic-
tory of Pollock at Jugdulluck.-Description of
the Pass beyond Jugdulluck.-Position chosen
by Akbar Khan.-Glorious Victory of Pollock.-
Spectacle of the Bones of the former Army.-
Operations of Nott's Troops against Ghuznee and
Cabul. Check of Nott's advanced Guard.-Nott's
Victory at Ghoaine.-Removal of the Gates of
Somnauth.-Triumphant March of Nott to Cabul.
-Destruction of the Bazar of Cabul.-M'Caskill's
Expedition to Istaliff. -General Submission of
Afghanistan.-Steps for the Recovery of the Cap-
tives.-Treaty for their Deliverance.-Shakes-
pear passes Alexander's Column.-Deliverance
of Lady Sale and the Captives.--Meeting of Lady
Sale and her Husband.-Final Retirement of the
British from Afghanistan.-Universal Joy in In-
dia on these Successes.-Liberation of Dost Mo-
hammed, and Conclusion of the War.-Restora-
tion of the Gates of Somnauth, and its Object.—
Reflections on this Step of Lord Ellenborough.-
Moral Lessons from the Afghanistan War.

CHAPTER XLIX.

INDIA FROM THE TERMINATION OF THE AFGHAN-

ISTAN WAR IN 1842, TO THE END OF LORD DAL-
HOUSIE'S GOVERNMENT IN 1856.

Physical Description of Scinde.-The Ameers of
Scinde.-British Intercourse with Scinde.-Far-
ther Treaties with the Ameers in 1834 and 1838.
-Passage of Keane's Army through Seinde.-
Treaty of 1838 forced upon the Ameers.-Lord
Ellenborough's Views as to Scinde.-New Treaty
proposed.--Which is forced on the Ameers.-Ex-
pedition against Emaun-Ghur.--Capture and De-
struction of it.-Napier returns to the Indus, and
fresh Negotiations.-Attack on Outram in the
Residency.--Preparations for an Attack on the
Enemy, and Force on both sides.--Preparations
for the Battle of Meanee.-Battle of Meanee.-
Victory of Napier.--Results of the Battle.- Fall
of Hyderabad.--Position of Napier after the Bat-
tle.-Annexation of Scinde to the British Domi-
ions. Shere Mohammed's Summons to Napier to
surrender.--Position of the Ameers.--Battle of
Hyderabad.-Napier's Victory.--Results of the
Victory-Capture of Meerpoor and Omercote.
-Final Defeat of Shere Mohammed.-Honors
to the Victors, and Lord Ellenborough's Procla-
mation.-Reflections on the Conquest of Scinde.
-Napier's civil Administration.-Distracted State
of the Punjaubafter Runjeet Singh's Death.-Mur-
der of the Maharajah and his Sons.-Affairs of
Gwalior.-Distracted and dangerous Condition of
that State.-Dismissal of Mama Sahib, and Rup-

ture with Britain.-Invasion of Gwalior.-Battle

of Maharajpore.--Victory of the British.--Loss

on both sides.-General Grey's Victory.-Treaty

with the Gwalior Government.-Brilliant Results

of Lord Ellenborough's Administration.-Credit

due to Lord Ellenborough himself.-Real Causes

of the Recall.-Appointment of Sir H. Hardinge

as Governor-General.-Policy recommended to

Sir H. Hardinge by the Court of Directors.-Har-

dinge's Arrival in India, and early pacific Meas-

ures.-Importance of Railways in India, in a mil-

itary as well as a civil point of view.-Origin of

the Sikhs.--Description of the Sikhs, and their

Power.-Geographical Description of the Coun-

try.-Character of Runjeet Singh.-Character of

Lord Hardinge.--Of Lord Gough.-Of Sir C. Na-

pier. Position of the British Troops before the

Sikh War.-Position of Affairs in Lahore.--Har-

dinge resists the Concentration of the Army.-

Hostile Movements of the Sikhs, and of the Brit-

ish. --Immense Advantages on the side of the

Sikhs.-Movements of both Parties before the

Collision. Battle of Moodkee.-Desperate Na-

ture of the Fight, and Victory of the British.--

March of the British Army to Ferozeshah.-Po-

sition of the Sikhs, and Junction of Littler with

Gough.-An Attack is resolved on.-Battle of

Ferozeshah, December 21.-Terrible Night which

ensued.-Gloomy Feelings of the Army, and he-

roic Conduct of Hardinge and Gough.-Renewed

Action on the 22d.--Fresh Dangers of the Brit-

ish. Results of the Battle.-Preparations on both

sides to renew the Conflict.--Subsequent Opera-

tions on both sides.-Movements which led to the

Battle. Battle of Aliwal.-Great Results of the

Victory. Relative Position of the two Armies.

-Forces on both sides, and Dispositions for the

Attack.- Battle of Sobraon.--Desperate Strife

which ensued.-The Victory is at last gained.-

Dreadful Slaughter of the Sikhs in crossing the

Bridge.--Results of the Battle.---The British army

approaches Lahore, and the Sikhs sue for Peace.

Terms of the Treaty.-General Joy at these

Victories, and Honors bestowed on the Gener-
als.-Hostile Appearances after these Successes.
-Renewed Disturbances in the Punjaub, and
fresh Treaty with the Sikh Government.-Tran-
quillity during 1847, and Resignation of Lord
Hardinge. He is succeeded by Lord Dalhousie :
his Character.-Disturbances in the Punjaub.-
First Operation of Edwardes and Colonel Cort-
landt against the Insurgents.-Defection of Shere
Singh, and Raising of the Siege.-Position of the
Sikhs at Ramnuggur. Bloody Repulse of the
British.-Operations of Lord Gough and Shere
Singh.-Preparations on both sides for the Bat-
tle. Battle of Chillianwallah.-Loud Clamors
in England, and Appointment of Sir C. Napier
Commander-in-Chief.--Retreat of the Sikhs to-
ward Goojerat, and their Junction with Chuttur
Singh. Battle of Goojerat.-Glorious Victory of
the British.-Great Results of the Victory, and
Surrender of the Sikhs.-The Afghans are driven
off, and Attock taken.-Siege of Mooltan re-
newed. Its Capture by Storm.-Incorporation
of the Punjaub with the British Empire.-Peace
in India for some Years.-Great pacific Improve-
ments of the East India Company at this Period.
-Great Works undertaken by Lord Dalhousie.
-Second Burmese War, and Capture of Marta-
ban.-Storming of Rangoon.-Storming of Bas-
sein.-Capture of Prome and Pegu.-Peace with
Burmah. Annexation of Oude.-Grounds as-
signed for it.-Reflections on these Events.—
What of the Incorporation of Oude?-Picture of
the Indian Empire at this Period.-Absence of
direct Parliamentary Government the Cause of
this.--Contemporary Reflections on the Fall of
the East India Company.-Danger of direct Gov-
ernment of India by Britain.

FRANCE FROM THE FALL OF LOUIS PHILIPPE IN

FEBRUARY TO THE ELECTION OF LOUIS NAPO-

LEON AS PRESIDENT OF THE ASSEMBLY IN DE-
CEMBER, 1848.

Political Analogy of the Revolutions of 1830 and

1848.-Discontent which the Rule of the middle

Class had excited in France.-First Acts of the

Provisional Government. - Disorders around

Paris.-Confusion and Pressure at the Hôtel de

Ville.-Cares of the Government.-Extreme Dis-

orders in Paris.-Noble Conduct of Lamartine in

regard to the Drapeau Rouge.-Institution of the

Garde Mobile and Volunteers.-Decrees against

the ex-Ministers, and other Measures.-Reopen-

ing of the Clubs, Liberation of Prisoners, Plant-

ing of Trees of Liberty, and Fête of March 5.—

Prostration of Credit, and Formation of the

Ateliers Nationaux.-Formation of the Ateliers

Nationaux.-Who was responsible for them.-

Share which Louis Blanc had in them.-Real

Principles of the Socialists.-Louis Blanc's real

Fault. Decisive Answer to the Socialist Doc-

trines.--Absence of religious Jealousy in this

Revolution.--Socialist Demands of the working

Classes. Acts against Free Trade, and Expulsion

of English Workmen from France.-Monetary

and commercial Crisis, and Resignation of M.

Goudchoux as Finance Minister. M. Garnier

Pagès Minister. Financial State of the Bank.—

Suspension of cash Payments.--Great Effects of

this Change, and its Wisdom.--Effects of this

Measure, and its Extension to the provincial

Banks. Deplorable State of the public Finances.

--Indirect Taxes taken off by the Revolutionists,

and Imposition of 45 per Cent. additional on the

direct Taxes.-Universal Indignation at the In-

crease of the direct Taxes. -Decree convoking

the National Assembly.-Assembly postponed to

May 4, and Elections to March 26.-Circular of

Ledru-Rollin to the Electors.-Circular of M.

Carnot, Minister of Public Instruction.-Fresh

Measures of Intimidation of the Central Govern-
ment.--Abolition of the Punishment of Death in
political Cases.--Lamartine's pacific Circular to
foreign States.--Lamartine's Answer to the Irish
Deputation.-Lamartine's secret Views at this
Period. Frightful Disorders in Lyons and on
the Upper Rhine.--Miserable State of Lyons:
Reception of the Revolution in Algeria.-Ledru-
Rollin's underhand Attempt to revolutionize Bel-
gium.-Counter-declarations of Lamartine to the
Poles.-Military Preparations of the Provisional
Government.-Suspension of cash Payments by
the Savings-banks.-Recognition of the French
Republic by America and Great Britain.-Re-
newed violent Circular of the Minister of the In-
terior.-Its Terms. Immense Efforts made to
control the Elections.-Decree dissolving the
flank Companies of the National Guard.-Dem-
onstration on March 16, and its Failure.-Coun-
ter-demonstration of March 17.-Appearance of
the Column which approached the Hôtel de Ville.
-Interview of the Clubs and the Government.
Repulse of the Requisitionists. - Elections in
Paris and the Departments.-Preparations for
the Revolt.-Fresh Conspiracy against Ledru-
Rollin. Measures of Lamartine and Ledru-Rol-
lin to meet the Danger.-Preparations of Defense
at the Hôtel de Ville.-Defeat of the Insurrec-
tion.-Disorders at Rouen and other provincial
Towns.-Grand Review in Paris.-The Elections.
-First Meeting of the new Assembly.-Lamar-
tine's Speech on foreign Affairs.-Appointment
of the Executive Commission.-Extreme Discon-
tent of the Socialists.-Division between the As-
sembly and the Socialists.-Preparations for the
Insurrection of May 15.-Dispersion of the As-
sembly by the Insurgents.-Scene in the Assem-
bly. New Provisional Government appointed.
-Measures which followed the Suppression of

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the Insurrection. Subsequent proceedings of

the Assembly.-Commencement of an Agitation

in favor of Louis Napoleon. -Increasing Con-

servatism of the Electors, and Weakness of the

Government. Alarming State of the Finan-

ces. Steps which led to the Insurrection. -

Measures against the Socialists, and general

Discontent among them.-Forces on both sides.

-Commencement of the Insurrection.-Prog-

ress of the Insurrection.-Cavaignac's Prepara-

tions and Plans of Action.-First Combats, and

Appointment of Cavaignac as Dictator.-Subse-

quent Actions.-Further Combats.-Storming of

the Pantheon.-Murder of General Brea, and

Storm of the Barricades on the left of the Seine.

-Attack on the Faubourg St. Antoine.-Des-

perate Resistance which ensued.-Heroism and
Death of the Archbishop of Paris.--Surrender of
the Faubourg St. Antoine, and Termination of
the Insurrection.-Results of the Conflict, and
Losses on the two sides.-Atrocious Cruelty of
the Insurgents.--Deeds of Heroism on the part
of the Troops.-Disturbances in the Provinces,
and continued Dictatorship of Cavaignac.—First
Measures of the Dictator's Government.-Con-
clusions to be drawn from these Events.-The
Revolutionists punished each other for their Sins.

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Bombardment of the City, and Concession of the
Government. Which leads to increased De-
mands from the Insurgents.-The King of Naples
agrees to give a Constitution.-Spread of the
Revolution in Sicily.-Defeat of the Insurgents
in Naples by the Swiss.-Dethronement of the
King of Naples, and Election of the Duke of
Genoa as King of Sicily.-Desperate Contest at
Messina.-Change of Ministry in Rome.-The
Pope is at last obliged to declare War against
Austria.--Forces at the Disposal of Charles Al-
- Other Forces of the Italian League.

Radetsky's Forces and Position.-Its weak Side,

in consequence of the Insurrection in its Rear.-

Measures to recover and secure the Tyrol. -

Measures of the Provisional Government at Mil-

an. First Operations on the Mincio.-Radetsky

retires behind the Adige.-Difficulties of Charles

Albert's Position.-Invasion of the Tyrol by the

free Corps.-Total Defeat of the Expedition.-

Charles Albert's Plan of Operations. -Com-

mencement of the Attack.-Successful Attack on

Pastrengo, and Retreat of the Austrians behind

the Adige.-Blockade of Peschiera and Mantua.—--

Unsuccessful Attack of the King on Rivoli.-Bat-

tle of Santa Lucia.-Results of the Battle, and

Views of both Parties.-Count Nugent and the

Army of Reserve on the Isonzo.-Fall of Udine,

and Advance of Nugent to Sacile.-Passage of

the Piave by the Austrians.-Junction of the

Army of Reserve with the Army of Radetsky.-

Important Effect of the Counter-revolution at

Naples.-State of the Armies on the Adige, and

Refusal of the Crown of Lombardy by Charles

Albert.-Siege of Peschiera.-Radetsky's able

Movement to raise the Siege. - Storming of

Curtatone by the Austrians.-Repulse of the

Austrians at Goito.-Fall of Peschiera.-Dan-

gerous Position and Difficulties of Radetsky.-

Movements of the Austrians.-March against Vi-

cenza. Storming of the Monte Berici.-Return

of Radetsky to Verona, and Capture of Rivoli.-

Great Results of the Capture of Vicenza.-Pause

in military Operations, and Preparations of both

Parties. Reinforcements obtained. Distract-

ed State of the Austrian Army.-Movement of

Charles Albert against Mantua, and its Dangers.

-Blockade of Mantua, and Relief of the Citadel

of Ferrara.-Repulse of the Austrians before Riv-

oli.-Movement of Radetsky against the Pied-

montese Centre and Right.-Battle of Custoza.-

Movements after the Battle.-Success of Charles

Albert on the Somma Campagna.-Movements

of the two Parties.-Second desperate Battle of

Valeggio. Results of the Battle, and Retreat of

the Piedmontese.-Retreat of the Piedmonteso

across the Oglio and the Adda.-Continued to

Milan. Capitulation of Milan.-Armistice, and

desperate Measures of the Radicals. -Increased

Excitement in Italy after the Fall of Milan.-

Events at Florence and Leghorn.-New Ministry

at Rome under Count Rossi.-Murder of Rossi.-

Revolution at Rome, and Flight of the Pope.-

Designs of the Italian Revolutionists after Rossi's

Death.-Proclamation of a Republic in Rome,

and Defection of the Swiss Guards.-Renewal of

the War between Piedmont and Austria.-Forces

of the Piedmontese on the Renewal of the War.

-Forces of the Austrians.-Different Feelings of

the two Armies on the Renewal of the War.-

Description of the Theatre of War.-Advance of

the two Armies, who mutually cross each other.

-Concentration of the Army at Pavia.-Effect

of these Movements, and Combat of Mostara.—-

Position of Novara and of the two Armies.-Bat-

tle of Novara.-Victory of the Austrians.-Re-

sults of the Battle.-Abdication and Escape of

Charles Albert.-Proceedings in the Chamber of

Deputies at Turin.-Conclusion of an Armistice,

and its Conditions.-The Chamber rejects the

Armistice, and is dissolved.-Revolt at Brescia,

which is suppressed.-Insurrection in Genoa,

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