a Christian and citizen. It teaches the strong to help the weak, each to contribute to the good of all. It takes the child from the factory and puts it in the school. It takes the woman from the sweatshop and puts her in the home. It places chairs behind the counters of the stores for the weary girls who are obliged to work long hours for small pay. It places vestibules on street cars, secures jobs for the idle, and builds homes for the widows and orphans. Could a holy God ask more of a human institution? EARLY MEXICO. Conquest of the Indians By Spain Was a Gradual Task. Before its discovery by the Spaniards, Mexico was occupied by several Indian races, the Nahuas, known as Aztecs, predominating. In 1518 the exploration of the Gulf coast by Grijalva was followed by the Spanish invasion in 1519, and the capture of the Aztec capital, Tenochtitean, in 1521. The Spanish colony thus formed was created into a viceroyalty and became the richest European possession in the new world, with the exception of Peru. The Spaniards extended their conquests even into what is now the territory of the United States. The viceroys had full sway over the territory, which was from the southern boundary of Costa Rica and Florida as well as the West Indies. However, in the eighteenth century the East Indies and Guatemala, or Central America, were separated. With the exception of a few Indian wars nothing molested the lives of splendor led by the viceroys. Great fortunes were amassed in the silver mines and in the East India trade. CHILD LABOR BILL IS SIGNED. WASHINGTON, Sept. 9.-President Wilson has signed the Federal Child Labor bill and organized labor records another advance in its fight against this evil. Under the new law it will be illegal to ship out of a State any product made in whole or in part by a factory employing children under 14 years of age, or the product of any mine or quarry which employs children under 16 years of age. In signing the bill the President said: "I want to say with what real emotion I sign this bill, because I know how long the struggle has been to secure legislation of this sort and what it is going to mean to the health and to the vigor of the country, and to the happiness of those whom it affects. It is with genuine pride that I play my part in completing this legislation. I congratulate the country and felicitate myself." The law will release from southern mills children who must now be provided with school facilities and whose parents must be paid a sufficient wage to keep them in comfort. Agitation for these conditions devolves upon the organized workers, as does the demand that 14-yearold children in any State are not equipped, either mentally or physically, for a factory life which weakens future generations. QUEER TOBACCO LORE. Every one knows that tobacco was one of the gifts of the New World to the Old, and that Sir Walter Raleigh made smoking fashionable in England in the days of Queen Elizabeth. For the next 50 years the smoking of pipes not only became general among all classes, but a thing of highest fashion, held in light of an art. In these days it was not said that a man smoked tobacco, but that he "drank" or "sucked" tobacco; and the smoker was called a "tobacconist." A curious feature of tobacco manners among fashionable smokers of the Elizabethan period was the practice of passing the pipe from one to another, after the fashion of the loving cup. In a play of 1640, one London gallant says to another who is smoking: "Please you to import your smoker?" "Very willingly, sir," says the smoker. No. 2 takes a whiff or so and courteously says: "In good faith a pipe of excellent vapor!” The rich young swell carried about him an elaborate tobacco apparatus, often of gold or silver. It included a tobacco box, tongs with which to lift a live coal to light his pipe, a ladle "for the cold snuffle into 'nostrils'," a priming iron and as large a collection of pipes as his means could afford and his pockets could find room for. Sometimes the tobacco box was of ivory and occasionally a looking glass was set in the lid, so that when the beau opened it to take out tobacco he could also have a view of his delectable person. RAILROADS STILL CRY "WOLF." WASHINGTON, Sept. 15.-"Wolf, wolf," is the cry of railroads because Congress has passed the eight hour law for railroad employes engaged in interstate com merce. "The railroads have cried 'wolf' for so long when anybody has tried to regulate them that they don't get much of a rise any more," said Congressman Adamson, author of the new law, and chairman of the House Interstate and Foreign Commerce Committee. No law, intended to protect life and limb, was ever passed by Congress, but the railroads cried "wolf." The same cry was heard when Congress created the present Interstate Commerce Commission. POLICE SHALL JUDGE. Officers of the New Jersey State Federation of Labor headed a delegation of trade unionists to protest to the city commissioners against the attitude of police in preventing pickets from walking the streets of that city. President Quin, of the State branch, was the first speaker. Or, rather, he was scheduled as the first speaker. Commissioner of Safety Chasey objected to the unionist proceeding and the mayor sustained the objectión. Secretary Hilfers then rose and stated it was the first time in his connection with Organized Labor that city officials refused to listen to a statement of facts concerning the welfare of the working people. Secretary Hilfers then prepared to state his case, but was invited to sit down. The unionists insisted on their rights, but the commissioners assured them that "picketing has a tendency to create dis order," and if the police thought that was the case they would use their own judgment.-Ex. DESERVES ALL IT CAN GET. What does labor want? It wants the earth and the fullness thereof. There is nothing too precious, there is nothing too beautiful, too lofty, too ennobling, unless it is within the scope and comprehension of labor's aspirations and wants. We want more schoolhouses and less jails; more books and less arsenals; more learning and less vice; more constant work and less crime; more leisure and less greed; more justice and less revenge; in fact, more of the opportunities to cultivate our better natures, to make manhood more noble, womanhood more beautiful and childhood more happy and bright.-Samuel Gompers. Labor not only wants all it can get, but deserves all it can get-and "then some." We are compelled to fight for every inch gained and we intend to continue the fight until the necessity for it has vanished. There is no use splitting hairs in the argument—there's nothing too good for labor, and labor should strive always for the best. DANBURY HATTERS LOSE AGAIN. The United States Circuit Court of Appeals, with some modifications, has affirmed the decision of Judge E. S. Thomas, rendered in the Federal District Court of Connecticut, allowing to D. E. Loewe & Co., the Danbury hat manufacturers, $30,000, the interest occrued on the deposits of union hatters whose bank deposits were forfeited in the Danbury hatter boycott litigation. The action was brought by the Loewe company against the Danbury bank. Judge Thomas in an opinion given in February last held that the accumulated interest on the deposits of the 180 union defendants in the Danbury case belonged to the hat company, which had obtained a judgment of $252,139 against the hatters and had attached their bank deposits. The Danbury bank appealed. The $30, 000 is the interest that has accumulated on the deposits since they were attached thirteen years ago. DUELS IN GREENLAND. In Greenland when one man has been insulted by another the adversaries each compose a satire in verse. This each man recites to his household until the servants and the women know it by heart. Then a place of meeting is appointed. The two men, the insulter and insulted, the offender and the offended, stand face to face, and each recites his poem. His friends and servants form a chorus. Each man tries hard to raise the laugh against his adversary. Each man speaks in turn, whipping the enemy with epigram and quip, and after two hours of this wordy battle the meeting gives the victory to him of the two adversaries who has amused the whole assembly most. JOIN THE UNION. The following is taken from an appeal to non-union men recently issued by one of the building trade unions: "There is a good living for everybody engaged in our trade, employers and journeymen, but we must unite with our fellow workers to obtain it. Don't you think you are doing yourself, your wife and children an injustice by standing alone and working for smaller wages than you could otherwise obtain? Don't you love your children? Don't you want them to have the best you can possibly get for them? If so, don't you know that it is your duty to join the union? Workers of all callings must learn that there are principles of human welfare which are of paramount importance. Conditions of daily work and living will not be in accord with these principles of human welfare unless those workers primarily concerned have some conception of their interests and are prepared for sustained efforts to realize their ideals. It is a fact that where formerly almost every one was more or less opposed to labor unions, the general sentiment of the whole country is undergoing a change. Men who a few years ago were most bitter opponents of the unions are today advocating that the unions be given an opportunity to work out the true democracy for which they stand. BURNS ROUNDED UP. NEW YORK.-W. J. Burns, the "great" detective, has run afoul of the law. A few years ago he was the darling of every anti-unionist because of lime-light methods which dimmed the glories of a well known citizen who owned a circus and once upon a time declared that "the people want to be fooled." On this theory, W. J. Burns waxed wealthy and fat-and lost his cunning. planting dictagraphs in union headquarters seemed commonplace, so he raided the office of a well known firm of attorneys, and copied private correspondence. Now the "great" detective has been arrested because he failed to obey the law by first securing a search war rant. Magistrate McAdoo declared that any one who insisted that no violation of law was committed in this case acknowledges "that the machinery of the law in this State is deficient in protecting the citizen in his fundamental constitutional rights." HOW TO JUDGE TRAIN SPEED. A fairly accurate computation of the speed of a moving train can be obtained by any keen-eared traveler with the aid of a watch equipped with a second hand. The wheels of a car produces a clicking in passing over the rail joints, the succession being divided into measures of as many beats as there are wheels on each side of the car. Furthermore, the traveler, due to his position, always hears one beat in each measure accented above the others. To determine the speed of the train, it is necessary only to count the accented beats for twenty seconds, the result being approximately the number of miles an hour of travel.-Popular Science Monthly. THE MAN AND HIS SHOES. Here is a jingle which almost every man in the shoe business who is over thirty years of age has seen "somewhere or other" but which you never can find in print when you want to show it to the youngsters. Clip it out now and paste it in your scrapbook: How much a man is like his shoes; Both are made tight, By Cobblers-both get left and right. And both are made to go on feet; And both in time are turned to mold. With men the first shall be last, They are mended new When men wear out they are “mendeard" too. They both are trod upon and both To be a man or be his shoes? -The Shoeman. HARD TO MOVE IN RUSSIA. An American wished to move from the principal hotel in Petrograd to a smaller hotel around the corner. He came down with his bag packed ready to go. "Sorry," said the manager, "but you cannot leave this hotel or register at another hotel until we get your passport from the police, and that will take a day and a night. You must go through exactly the same procedure as if you were leaving the country." NO "SAME PLACE" THEN. "Herbert," said a school teacher, turning to a bright youngster, "can you tell me what lightning is?" "Yes, ma'am," was the ready reply of the boy. "Light |