ness, as one might say, one that has | ater. Another piece of criticism is attracted a good deal of attention is Kenyon Cox's Artist and Public Richard C. Cabot's What Men Live (Scribners), a book by a master of By (Houghton, Mifflin Co.), an analy-painting which yet deals with the sis of the main elements in life. The subject in a simple and unprofessionmost considerable work of criticism is al manner. We note also two books that by W. C. Brownell entitled Criti- of a kind which seems to arise parcism (Scribners). In the practice of ticularly from the legal profession. literary criticism Alden Sampson's John Marshal Gest's The Lawyer in Studies in Milton (Moffat, Yard & Literature (Boston Book Co.) and Co.) should be particularly remarked Theron G. Strong's Landmarks of a and in later literature Archibald Hen- Lawyer's Lifetime (Dodd, Mead & derson's The Changing Drama (Holt), Co.) are somewhat more interesting a work showing wide reading and to the lawyer than to the lay reader, great skill in perceiving system in the but they well deserve reproduction in chaotic conditions of the modern the-book form.

MODERN LANGUAGES AND LITERATURE
GERMANIC LANGUAGES AND
LITERATURE

DANIEL B. SHUMWAY

A

German fiction is equally well rep

|from the beginnings of the naturalistic movement down to the present time in the Quarterly Review for January. Count de Soissons treats of German Fiction and Drama.-The "Recent Dramatic Movements in Gersteadily increasing interest in Ger- many" in the Contemporary Review man literature is shown by the large for February, the study covering senumber of dramas and novels that lected works of Sudermann, Schmidthave been translated during the year. bonn, Elsner, Rapp and Stucken. Volumes III and IV of Lewissohn's Amelia von Ende discusses in the Natranslation of Hauptmann's works tion (xcviii, 370) the latest dramas have appeared, volume III containing of Sudermann, Wedekind, Halbe, the domestic dramas, The Reconcilia- Eulenburg, Thoma and others. tion (Friedensfest), Lonely Lives study of the Continental Drama of (Einsame Menschen), Colleague To-day has been published by B. H. Crampton and Michael Kramer, and Clark (Holt). volume IV three symbolic and legendary dramas, The Assumption of Han-resented. nele, The Sunken Bell, and Henry of Aue. K. Holl haз published a biography of Hauptmann containing much valuable and hitherto unknown material relative to the poet and his works. Hauptmann's latest play, Der Bogen des Odysseus (Lemcke), has been issued in America. Sudermann is represented by an edition of his recent historical play, Die Lobgesänge des Claudius (Lemcke). A number of Schnitzler's plays have been translated by H. B. Samuel (McClurg), and Björkman has also translated three of his plays, The Lonely Way, Interlude, and Countess Mizzi. Hofmannsthal's one-act play, Death and the Fool, has been rendered by Elizabeth Walter (Badger). Three plays of Hebbel have also appeared in Dutton's "Everyman's Library." Garnet Smith has an interesting sketch of the development of German drama

At the head of the list stands a translation by G. C. Page of Goethe's famous novel Wilhelm Meister's Theatrical Mission, with an introduction by Harry Mayne. Gottfried Keller's charming idyl, Village Romeo and Juliet, has been translated by A. C. Bahlmann, with an introduction from the pen of Edith Wharton (Scribner). Bertha Suttner's recent novel, When Thoughts Will Soar, dealing with the feminist movement, has been done into English by N. H. Dole (Houghton). Wolzogen's humorous musical story of Weimar and Lizst has been translated under the title of Florian Mayr by E. W. Breck and C. H. Genung (Huebsch). Herzog's wellknown musical novel, Das Lebenslied, has been rendered by Adele Lewisohn under the title Story of Helga (Dutton). Paul Schreckenbach's powerful historical romance, The King of Rothenburg, translated by A. L. Book

staver (Badger), will delight all | Ahnen" (Jour. of Eng. and Ger. Phil., lovers of that quaint town. Very April), showing his frequent use of timely is the translation by Stella foreign words and archaisms; Philip Bloch of Walter Bloem's The Iron Seiberth, "A Study in the Principles Year, presenting as it does a graphic of Linguistic Change" (ibid., Janupicture of certain phases of the ary); F. A. Bernstorff, Use of the Franco-Prussian War. Fred. Eise- Word "Derselbe" from the Classic mann has published in translation six Period of German Literature to the of Schnitzler's erotic and mystic tales Present Day (Banta); Bruno Boeunder the title of Viennese Idylls zinger, Das historische Präsens in der (Luce). Two other tales of the same älteren deutschen Sprache (Leland author, "She Never Knew" and "Dead Stanford Univ.). Leo Wiener made Men Tell No Tales," have been ren- an unsuccessful attempt to prove that dered by Beatrice Marshall in the the Gothic Bible does not represent Fortnightly for January and June. the language of Ulfilas in an article In an illuminating article on "Recent entitled "Philological Fallacies" in German Fiction" (Nineteenth Cen- the Nation for May 7 (see also ibid., tury, March) Dorothea Gerard gives June 11). In the Old High German detailed accounts with extracts of period F. A. Wood has well rendered new novels by Kellermann, Bartsch, the Hildebrandslied into English alSchnitzler, Mann, Ertl and Stratz. literative verse (Univ. of Chicago Amelia von Ende discusses in the Press). In Middle High German T. Nation of July 9 novels by Hegeler, W. Rolleston has retold Parsifal, or Lietger, Thoma and Ehrenstein. the Legend of the Holy Grail (CrowGerman poetry is represented by a ell); Jessie L. Weston, in The Quest translation of Heine's Poems and Bal- of the Holy Grail, has given a clear lads by Robert Levy (Macmillan) and account of the various sources and the by a rendering of his masterly satire theories pertaining to this compli Atta Troll by Herman Scheffauer cated subject. Gertrud Schoepperle (Huebsch). has published a thorough and sysAmong the essays on German liter-tematic study of the sources of Trisature the most pretentious is A. W. tan and Isolt (Ottendorfer Series of Porter's Outlines of German Roman- German Monographs). H. A. Guerticism (Ginn), intended as a manual for students and treating the subject in a novel fashion. Porterfield has also written on "Poets as Heroes of Epic and Dramatic Works in German Literature" in Modern Philology for June. Other important essays are: C. E. Vaughn, Influence of English Poetry on the Romantic Revival on this field a new annual has been the Continent (Oxford); R. W. launched, Amerikanische GeschichtsMacan, "Goethe in Rome" (Fortnight-blätter, edited by Julius Goebel. It ly, January); Charles Handschin, "Goethe's Abfall von der Gotik" (Mod. Phil., June); F. H. Adler, Herder and Klopstock, a Comparative Study (Stechert); Fritz Winther, Das Gerettete Venedig (Univ. of Cal.); Ernst Feise, "Zur Entstehung, Problem und Technik von Goethe's Werther" (Jour. of Eng. and Ger. Phil., January); Fred. C. Braun, "Margaret Fuller's Translation and Criticism of Goethe's Tasso" (ibid., April).

Germanic Philology. In this field the following important articles and monographs have appeared: Harry F. Colling, "The Language of Freytag's

ber in his Book of the Epic treats of the Nibelungenlied and other German epics. Julius Goebel contributes an article on the art of Walther von der Vogelweide to the April issue of the Journal of English and German Philology.

German-American

Relations.-In

contains a large number of valuable articles on German settlements and migrations in America. J. T. Ochs' work, Der Deutsche Amerikanische Farmer, discusses the part played by the German-Americans in the colonization of the United States. Preston A. Barba has continued his studies of the influence of America on German literature with an article "Cooper in Germany" (German-American Annals for January), and A. B. Faust has published the "Graffenried Manuscript C," the most complete of the manuscripts relating to the settlement of Newbern, N. C. (ibid.).

German Texts and Teaching.-In | B. Fries (Putnam) and Hilles Grane's this field, for want of space, only a Song of the Rose by A. W. Kjellstrand few of the most important texts can (Augustana). be mentioned. A new edition of Schiller's Braut von Messina has been prepared by K. H. Breul (Putnam); Frenssen's Jörn Uhl, edited by W. W. Florer (Heath); Carl Schurz's Lebenserinnerungen by Edward Manly (Allyn & Bacon); Spielhagen's Das Skelett im Hause by Marie Goebel (Oxford German Series). Mrs. Collitz has published a second volume of her German anthology under the title Selections from Classical German Literature, comprising selections from the reformation period to the beginning of the nineteenth century. G. O. Curme has written a First German Grammar, a skillful combination of grammar and reader. In the department of teaching the University of Wisconsin has issued an Experimental Study of Methods of Teaching HighSchool German from the pen of M. M. Clarahan; and C. H. Bell has compared German and American schools and educational methods in "Experiences of an American Exchange Teacher in Germany" (Educational Review, January).

Norwegian. In this field William Archer has published an entirely revised edition of his well-known translation of Ibsen's works (Scribner). A number of Ibsen's plays, including The Pretender, The Pillars of Society, etc., have been translated by R. F. Sharp for "Everyman's Library" (Dutton), and G. B. Shaw has continued his Quintessence of Ibsen down to the latter's death (Brentano). Björkman has finished a second series of Björnsen's plays, comprising Love and Geography, Beyond Human Might and Laboremus (Scribner), accurate but somewhat marred by vulgarisms and Germanisms. Knut Hamsun, a novelist of some prominence, though little known here, is now represented for the first time in English in the translation by Carl C. Hyllested of his novel, Shallow Soil, a study of young Norway. Norse sagas are represented by the Song of Frithiof, retold in modern verse by G. C. Allen (Doran), by the Icelandic saga of Grettir the Strong of the eleventh century translated by G. A. Hight Swedish. In this field the activity (Dutton), and by Svold, a Norse Sea in translating Strindberg's works con- Battle, a poem by S. F. B. Lane tinues unabated. Edith and Warner (Scribner). Andersen's Fairy Tales Oland have published Swanwhite, Ad- and Other Stories have been revised vent and The Storm (Luce); Clara and in part newly translated by W. Fried has rendered Advent (Bad- A. and J. K. Craigie (Oxford); ger) and Fair Haven and Foul Strand Asbjörnsen's Norse Fairy Tales by G. and The Growth of a Soul (McBride, W. Dasent (Lippincott), and NorNast); Elizabeth G. Westergren and wegian Folk and Fairy Tales by H. L. Ellie Schleussner have each trans- Braeksted under the title Round the lated Strindberg's story of the East Yule Log (Lippincott). In the NaSkerry Islands, the one under the title tion (xeviii, 206) Arne Kildal disOn Seaboard, the other By the Open cusses recent Scandinavian plays and Sea; Edwin Björkman has contrib-novels, calling special attention to uted the additional translations After the Fire, Debt and Credit, The Thunderer, Advent and Simoon. Selma Lagerlöf's romantic picture of old Swedish life has been well translated by Anna Barwell as Liliecrona's Home (Dutton); selected tales of the same authoress have been edited in the original for American schools by Jules Mauritzson under the title Valda Berättelser (Augustana Book Co.). Tegner's Fritiof's Saga has likewise been edited by A. O. Stromberg (ibid.). Ellen Key's Renaissance of Motherhood has been rendered by Anna E.

Heiberg's Bed of State (Paradesengen), dealing with the sickness and death of Björnsen, as the most sensational book of the season in Norway. The attempt that is now being made to reinstate the ancient language of Norway, the Landsmaal, as a literary tongue is discussed by Ingebright Lillehei in the Journal of English and German Philology for January, and by E. M. Bacon in the Dial for March 16, the former believing it will be successful, the latter, whose article is entitled "Anti-Babel," doubting it.

Danish. The revived interest in Holberg noted in the last issue (p. 798) is shown by a study of his comedies by O. J. Campbell (Harvard Univ. Press). Two plays of Hjalmar Bergstrom, Karen Borneman, a plea for the sex freedom of women, and Lyngaard and Co., dealing with industrial conflicts, have been translated by Edwin Björkman (Kenerley). G. H. Borrow has rendered Danish Romantic Ballads into English (Putnam). Franz de Jessen's Katya, a romance of Russia, has been translated from the Danish by W. J. A. Worster (Luce), Jens Jörgensen's Lourdes by Ingeborg Lund with a preface by Hillaire Belloc (Longmans), and Martin Nex's Pelle the Conqueror by Jesse Muir (Holt). H. J. Hanson has published a comparative Norwegian-Danish-English dictionary (J.

Anderson).

ROMANCE LANGUAGES AND
LITERATURE

BENJAMIN P. BOURLAND

The year 1914 has not seen any departure from the usual courses in the pursuit of Romance studies in America, unless Professor Schevill's Ovid and the Renascence in Spain be considered an excursus into a field of a new kind. An examination of the year's publications suggests that activity in work about the Old-French epic is less than heretofore; that later French literature is proving increasingly tempting to younger scholars; that the study of classical Spanish is abundantly holding its own; that the renewed activity in Italian matters noted in the last issue (p. 798) can hardly be held to continue; that the preponderance of the literary over the grammatical interest subsists in about the usual ratio; and that the pedagogical aspects of the field are being more keenly considered, as is shown by a decrease in the output of hastily made text-books.

Necrology. Frédéric Mistral died on March 25 at Maillane, the village in Provence where he was born on Sept. 8, 1830, and where he spent nearly all of his life. Mistral was the accepted leader of the group of men of letters, the Félibres, whose purpose it is to rehabilitate Provençal as a literary

language, and the greatest figure in
Provençal letters of his time and of
many centuries. He won internation-
al recognition, and received many
in France and elsewhere
honors
He was best
(Nobel Prize, 1904).
known as a poet (Mireillo, 1859;
Calendan, 1867; Nerto, 1884, and
many other volumes), But he also
made a notable contribution to schol-
arship in his Trésor dou Félibrige, a
massive lexicon of modern Provençal
(1878). Hermann Suchier, until 1913
professor in the University of Halle,
died July 4, 1914, at the age of 66.
Suchier was one of the pillars of the
older German school of Romance phil-
ology. His work was in French and
Provençal, and was concerned in large
measure with Norman. His influence
as a teacher was very great and his
works numerous and influential. Al-
cée Fortier, professor of Romance
languages in Tulane University, died
on Feb. 14 at the age of 57; besides
being the author and editor of nu-
merous books in French literature and
history, he was deeply concerned with
the earlier history of Louisiana, and
for many years was president of the
State Historical Society.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

ALTROCCHI, Rudolph.-"The Story of Dante's Gianni Schicchi and Regnard's Légataire Universel." (Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc., xxix, No. 2, 1914.)

AUSTIN, Herbert D.-Accredited Citations in Ristoro d'Arezzo's "Composizione del Mondo." (Baltimore, Johns Hopkins Univ., 1913.)

BLOSSOM, F. A.-La Composition de

Salammbó d'après la correspondance de Flaubert. (Ibid.) BRUCE, J. Douglas.-"The Development of the Mort d'Arthur Theme in Mediæval Romance." (Romanic Rev., iv, No. 4, 1913.) BUCHANAN, M. A.-"Spanish Literature Exclusive of the Drama. General Histories, Studies and Collected Texts, 1891-1910." (Krit. Jahresber. Fortsch. Roman. Phil., xii.) BUFFUM, D. L.-"The Sources of the Roman de la Violette." (Romanic Rev., iv, No. 4, 1913.)

C.-Goldoni, a CHATFIELD-TAYLOR, H. Biography. (New York, Duffield, 1914.) COLEMAN, A.-Flaubert's Literary Development in the Light of His "Mémoires d'un fou," "Novembre," and

Philology. Except for minor notes and textual criticism (Emerson's emendations of Patience in Modern Language Notes here deserve special mention) but little work has been accomplished, though the record is, on the whole, better than in the past two or three years. The most important single contributions have been F. A. York, Putnam, 1914.) Wood's "Some Parallel Formations in SCHEVILL, Rudolph.-Ovid and the Re-English" (Hesperia), Miss Babcock's