betical succession of topics, is more convenient, and at the same time more scientific." The Supervisory Board of representatives of national learned and scientific societies, officially known as the American Year Book Corporation, has continued actively to assist in the preparation of the YEAR BOOK. The members of this Board, who originally projected the work, remain individually responsible for the scope and content of the reviews of their respective fields; several are themselves contributors; many have coöperated with the Editor in securing contributors; and all have assisted the Editor with criticism and counsel. The Supervisory Board has now forty members, a complete list of whom will be found on a subsequent page, representing forty-four societies. The American Paleontological Society, represented by Dr. Charles R. Eastman, has been added to the list of constituent societies. Two other changes in personnel have occurred during the year: RearAdmiral Caspar F. Goodrich has succeeded Captain Carlos Gilman Calkins as representative of the United States Naval Institute, and the vacancy caused by the death of Henry Gannett, President of the National Geographic Society, has been filled by the appointment of Cyrus C. Adams, representing the American Geographical Society. One hundred and twenty-two contributors have coöperated in the preparation of this issue. All are experts in their special fields, and the complete list printed on a subsequent page contains many names of eminence. To Americans, no less than to those directly engaged, the European War overshadows in importance all other events of the year; its causes, the military and naval operations, and the manifold ramifications of its effects in this country, are comprehensively reviewed. Among events of more local interest, the most important part of the year's record is, of course, the crisis which brought the United States to the verge of war with Mexico. American events and progress in politics, economics, sociology, the sciences, the arts, and the humanities, are surveyed with fullness and authority, and are placed in their proper perspective by a background of the significant events in foreign countries. The acknowledgments of the Editor are due, not only to the contributors and members of the Supervisory Board, but also to the many public officials, Federal, state, and municipal, who have courteously responded to requests for statistical data, and to the readers who have offered disinterested criticism of previous issues. The Editor welcomes criticism and suggestions from any source on the selection of material and method of treatment, or on the more formal side of typography, make-up, and conveniences for users. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE AMERICAN YEAR BOOK is arranged in thirty-three departments, in which Sixty-third Congress, Second Session.-Legislative Programme.-Devel- II. POPULAR GOVERNMENT AND CURRENT POLITICS Progress of Popular Government.-Woman Suffrage.-Initiative, Refer- endum, and Recall.-Reorganization of State Government.-Abolition of State Senates.-The Short Ballot.-Proportional Representation.- Electoral Reform.-Nominating Systems.-Primary Elections.-Prefer- ential Voting.-Absent Voting.-National Presidential Primary. International Relations of the United States.-Mexico.-The Crisis and Mediation.-The A. B. C. Conference at Niagara Falls.-The Protocol. Honduras. Mexico.- the Empress of Ireland.-Canada and the European War.-Railway Con- struction.-Immigration.-Imperial merce.-Finance.-Legislation. EUROPE, ASIA, AND AFRICA.-The Brit- ish Empire.-The United Kingdom.-Home Rule for Ireland.-The Budget.-The Elections.-The Viviani Ministry.-The Caillaux Case.- Hungary.-Belgium.- Portugal.- THE EU- The President and Vice-President.-The Cabinet.-Executive Depart- House of Representatives.-Second Session.-Appropriations.-Legisla- States.-Area, Population, and Dates of Admission.-Finance.-Mode of Adopting, Amending, and Revising Constitutions.-Governors.-Legisla- Municipal Home Rule.-Charter Revision.-Government by City Man- ager.-Commission Government.-Efficiency and Research.-Collegiate Municipal Reference Bureaus.-Surveys.-Municipal Organizations.- Municipal Accounting.-Accounting of Municipal Utilities.-Uniform Accounting.-City Planning.-Excess Condemnation.-Art Commissions. -Housing.-Minimum Requirements.-Housing and Town Planning. Fire Prevention.-Building Laws.-Salem Use.-Constitutional Power.-Interstate Foreign Jurisprudence.-Legislative Tendencies.-Uniform State Laws. -Judicial Decisions.-Professional Conduct.-Admission to the Bar.- Legal Procedure.-Jurisdiction.-Municipalities.-Eminent Domain and merce. Regulation and Protection of Business.-Child Labor.-Conditions of RECLAMATION.-Reclama- PUBLIC LANDS. MINERAL RESOURCES: U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY. STATE GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS.-Topographic Maps.-Economic Geology.-Strati- graphic and Paleontologic Geology.-Surface and Underground Waters. -Soil, Forest, and Highway Investigations. tion Service.-Irrigation.-Drainage. vi Franchises.-Public Service Commissions.-Municipal Ownership.-Mu- THE ARMY.-Administration.-Authorized Strength and Distribution.— Legislation. Appropriations.- Recruiting. Military Resources.-- The Regular Service.-Troops on Active Service.-Mobile Army.-Coast Ar- tillery. Philippine Islands.-Military Academy.-The Organized Mili- tia.- Pensions. THE NAVY. Administration. Appropriations.- Esti- mates for 1916.-Personnel.-Naval Militia.-Navy Yards.-Aeronautics. -Naval Education.-Construction and Armament.-The_Fleet.-Opera- tions. Foreign Navies.-Battleship Design.-Aircraft Strength.-Les- XIII. ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND THE CONDUCT OF BUSINESS Business Conditions in 1914.-Agriculture.-Iron and Steel Trade. Copper Trade.-Foreign Trade.-Building Operations.-Business Fail- ures.-Railroad Earnings.--Bank Clearings.-The Security Market. New Securities Listed.-Incorporations.-The Money Market.-Prices and Cost of Living.-The Conduct of Business.-New York Stock Ex- change.-Regulation of Stock Exchanges.-Regulation of Cotton Trad- ing.--Federal Trade Commission.-Blue-Sky Laws.-Foreign Trade Council.-Commercial Attachés.-Leading Decisions of Courts and XIV. PUBLIC FINANCE, BANKING, AND INSURANCE PUBLIC FINANCE.-Federal Finance.-Receipts and Expenditures.--Pub- lic Debt.-Income Tax.-War Revenue Act.-State and Local Taxation. BANKING AND CURRENCY.-Currency.-National Banking System.- Postal Savings Banks.-Banking Legislation.-Federal Reserve System. -Banking and the War. LIFE INSURANCE.-Policy Loans and Surren- ders. Effect of the War.-State Insurance.-Industrial Insurance.- Fraternal Insurance. PROPERTY AND CASUALTY INSURANCE.-Fire Insur- ance. Fire Losses.-War-Risk Insurance.-Federal Regulation of In- surance.-Liability and Compensation Insurance.-Accident and Health Insurance.-Burglary Insurance.-Fidelity and Surety Insurance. CONSTRUCTIVE AND PREVENTIVE SOCIAL WORK.-Social Settlements.-So- cial Centers.-Social Surveys.-Remedial Loans.-Hospital Social Serv- ice.-Prevention of Tuberculosis. CHILD WELFARE.-Children's Bureau. -Infant Health.-Dependent Children.-Juvenile Courts.-Child Labor. RECREATION.-Legislation.-Use of the School Plant.-Street Play.-Mo- tion Pictures.-Dancing.-Cabarets.-Pageants. SOCIAL WORK OF THE CHURCHES. IMMIGRATION.-Statistics.-Effects of the European War. Immigration Bill.-The Care of Immigrants. SOCIAL AND MENTAL HY- GIENE. Prevention of Vice.-Prevention of Defectiveness.-Eugenics.- Race Betterment.-Sex Education.-Venereal Disease. CRIMINOLOGY AND PENOLOGY.-Psychological Research.-Lynchings.-Prison Administra- tion and Management.-Education of Prisoners.-Prison Architecture. Earnings of Prisoners.-Honor System.-Prison Labor.-Penal Legisla- tion.-Parole, Probation, and Indeterminate Sentence. Census of Penal Institutions. THE LIQUOR PROBLEM.-Production and Taxation.-Prohi- bition Movement.-Local Option.-Liquor Legislation.-Judicial De- cisions. VOCATIONAL EDUCATION AND GUIDANCE. COOPERATION.-Co- operation Among Farmers.-Coöperation of Consumers.-Coöperative Legislation. SOCIALISM.- General Survey of the Movement.-Socialism and the War. UNEMPLOYMENT. CHARITY.-Public Supervision and Ad- ministration.-Public Relief.-Almshouses.- -Mothers' Pensions.-Volun- tary Relief.-Disaster Relief.- -Care of the Insane.-Care of the Feeble- XVI. LABOR AND LABOR LEGISLATION LABOR.-Trade Disputes.-Michigan and Colorado Strikes.-Boycotts and Blacklists.-Arbitration and Conciliation.-Court Decisions.-Labor Or- ganizations.-Industrial Investigations.-Social Insurance.-Workmen's Compensation.- Occupational Diseases.- Sickness Insurance.- Old-Age Pensions. Safety, Health, and Comfort.-Profit Sharing.-Hours of Labor.--Cost of Living. LABOR LEGISLATION.Accident and Disease Reporting.-Factories and Workshops.-Mines.-Railroads and Street Cars.-Administration of Labor Laws.-Child Labor.-Hours of Labor AGRICULTURE.-Agricultural Extension.-Department of Agriculture.- Experiment Stations.-The Crop Year. The Cotton Crisis.-Movement of Farmers.-Land Under Cultivation.-Fertilizers.-Educational Move- ments. Direct Buying and Selling. DAIRYING.-Milk Transportation and Distribution.-Investigation of Milk. LIVE STOCK.-Live Stock Market.-Meat Production. VETERINARY MEDICINE.-Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Hog Cholera.-Contagious Abortion.-Glanders.-Texas Fever. -Trichinosis. DISEASES OF PLANTS.-Nonparasitic Diseases.-Fungi.- Diseases of Cereals, Forest Trees, Fruits, and Vegetables.-Control of Plant Diseases. ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY.-Insect Pests.-House Fly.- Cotton Boll Weevil and Cotton Leaf Worm.-Argentine Ant.-Mediter- ranean Fruit Fly.-Insects and Disease Transmission. AGRICULTURAL LEGISLATION.-Cotton and Grain Legislation.-Marketing Farm Prod- ucts.-Agricultural Credit and Coöperation.-Farm and Home Demon- stration Work.-Agricultural Education.-Inspection Laws.-Irrigation and Drainage. RURAL CREDITS. HORTICULTURE.-Crop Conditions.- Marketing. Fruit Juices.-Asparagus Substitutes.-Camphor Growing in Florida. FORESTRY.-Fire Protection.-National Forests.-Timber Supply. Wood Preservation.-Forest Schools. FISHERIES.-New Eng- land. Alaska.-Menhaden Fishery.-Mussel and Pearl-Button Indus- tries. Sturgeon Fishery.-Tuna Fishery.-Bureau of Fisheries. STATIS- MINING AND ORE DRESSING. COAL, COKE, AND PETROLEUM.-Mining Ma- chinery.-Mine Accidents.-Petroleum. IRON AND STEEL.-Ore Deposits. -Blast Furnaces.-Treatment of Cast Iron.-Cupola Practice.-Steel Making.-Steel-Works Fuels and Furnaces.-Ferro-Alloys.-Heat Treat- Industrial Conditions.-Legislation.-Effect of the European War.- XX. TRADE, TRANSPORTATION, AND COMMUNICATION Merchant Marine.-Tonnage Afloat.-World's Merchant Marine.-Rela- tive Position of American Shipping.-Shipping in the Foreign_Trade.- Tonnage Built.-Vessel Accidents.-Ship Subsidies and Mail Payments. -Panama Tolls.-Ship Registry.-International Convention on Safety of Life at Sea.-Agreements and Combinations among Water Carriers.- Panama Canal.-External Commerce of the United States.-Exports.- Imports. Balance of Trade.-Inland Waterways and Coastwise Com- merce.-Express Companies.-Parcel Post.-Telephones and Telegraphs. -The Post Office.-Railway Mail Pay.-Street and Electric Railways.- Railroads. Physical Condition and Services.-Operating Revenues.-Net Income. Capitalization.-Dividends.-Consolidation.-Physical Valua- tion.-Freight Rates.-Rulings of the Interstate Commerce Commission. Bridges. - Buildings. - Railways. Subways. - Hydroelectric Developments. Power Transmission.-Electric Railways. MECHANICAL ENGINEERING.-Steam Engineering.-Internal-Combustion Engineering.-Gas Turbines and Gas Producers. Air Machinery.-Rail- way Engineering.-Automobile Engineering. AUTOMOBILES. TICS. Aeroplanes.- Hydroaeroplanes.- Dirigible Balloons. Spherical Balloons.-Aeronautical Motors.-Accessories.-Military Aeronautics.- Aeroplane Records. PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS AND ALLOYS. |