4. No veffels of war fhall be kept up in time of peace by any ftate, except fuch number only as fhall be deemed neceffary by the united states in congrefs, affembled for the defence of such state, or its trade; nor fhall any body of forces be kept up by any state, in time of peace, except fuch number only as in the judgement of the united states in congrefs affembled fhall be deemed requifite to garrifon the forts neceffary for the defence of fuch state; but every ftate fhall always keep up a well-regulated and disciplined militia, fufficiently armed and accoutred, and fhall provide and conftantly have ready for use, in public ftores, a due number of field-pieces and tents, and a proper quantity of arms, ammunition, and camp equipage.

5. No ftate fhall engage in any war without the confent of the united states in congrefs affembled, unless fuch ftate be actually invaded by enemies, or fhall have received certain advice of a refolution being formed by fome nation of Indians to invade such ftate, and the danger is fo imminent as not to admit of a delay till the united states in congrefs affembled can be confulted nor fhall any state grant commiffions to any fhips or veffels of war, nor letters of marque or reprifal, except it be after a declaration of war by the united states in congrefs affembled, and then only against the kingdom or ftate and the fubjects thereof against which war has been fo declared, and under fuch regulations as fhall be eftablished by the united states in congrefs affembled, unless fuch ftate be infefted by pirates, in which cafe veffels of war may be fitted out for that occafion, and kept fo long as the danger fhall continue, or until the united states in congrefs affembled fhall determine otherwise.

Art. VII. When land-forces are raised by any state for the common defence, all officers of or under the rank of colonel fhall be appointed by the legiflature of each state refpectively by whom fuch forces fhall be raised, or in such manner as such state shall direct, and all vacancies fhall be filled up by the ftate which first made the appointment,

Art. VIII. All charges of war, and all other expences that shall be incurred for the common defence or general welfare, and allowed by the united states in congrefs affembled, fhall be defrayed out of a common treasury, which fhall be fupplied by the feveral ftates, in proportion to the value of all land within each ftate, granted to or furveyed for any perfon, as fuch land and the buildings and improvements thereon fhall be eftimated, according to fuch mode as the united states in congrefs affembled fhall from time to time direct and appoint. The taxes for paying that proportion fhall be laid and levied by the authority and direction of the legiflatures of the feveral ftates within the time agreed upon by the united states in congress assembled.

Art. IX. The united states in congrefs affembled shall have the fole and exclufive right and power of determining on peace and

war,

war, except in the cafes mentioned in the fixth article; of fending and receiving ambaffadors; entering into treaties and alliances, provided that no treaty of commerce fhall be made, whereby the legiflative power of the respective states fhall be restrained from impofing fuch impofts and duties on foreigners, as their own people are fubjected to, or from prohibiting the exportation or importation of any fpecies of goods or commodities what foever; of establishing rules for deciding in all cafes, what captures on land or water fhall be legal, and in what manner prizes taken by land or naval forces in the fervice of the united ftates fhall be divided or appropriated; of granting letters of marque and reprifal in times of peace; appointing courts for the trial of piracies and felonies committed on the high feas; and establishing courts for receiving and determining finally appeals in all cafes of captures, provided that no member of congrefs fhall be appointed a judge of any of the faid courts.

2. The united states in congrefs affembled fhall alfo be the last refort on appeal in all difputes and differences now fubfifting or that hereafter may arife between two or more ftates concerning boundary, jurifdiction, or any other caufe whatever; which authority fhall always be exercifed in the manner following.Whenever the legislative or executive authority or lawful agent of any state in controverfy with another, fhall prefent a petition to congrefs, ftating the matter in question, and praying for a hearing, notice thereof fhall be given by order of congress to the legiflative or executive authority of the other ftate in controverfy, and a day affigned for the appearance of the parties by their lawful agents, who fhall then be directed to appoint by joint confent commiffioners or judges to conftitute a court for hearing and determining the matter in queftion; but if they cannot agree, congrefs fhall name three perfons out of each of the united states, and from the lift of fuch perfons each party fhall alternately ftrike out one, the petitioners beginning, until the number fhall be reduced to thirteen; and from that number not less than feven nor more than nine names, as congrefs fhall direct, shall in the prefence of congrefs be drawn out by lot; and the perfons whofe names fhall be fo drawn, or any five of them, shall be commiffioners or judges, to hear and finally determine the controverly, fo always as a major part of the judges, who shall hear the caufe, fhall agree in the determination: and if either party fhall neglect to attend at the day appointed, without fhewing reafons which congrefs fhall judge fufficient, or being prefent fhall refuse to ftrike, the congref- fhall proceed to nominate three perfons out of each ftate, and the fecretary of congrefs fhall ftrike in behalf of fuch party abfent or refufing; and the judgment and fentence of the court to be appointed, in the manner before prefcribed, fhall be final and conclufive; and if any of the parties fhall refuse

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to fubmit to the authority of fuch court, or to appear or defend heir claim or caufe, the court fhall neverthelefs proceed to pronounce sentence, or judgment, which fhall in like manner be final and decifive; the judgment or fentence and other proceedings being in either cafe tranfmitted to congrefs, and lodged among the acts of congrefs, for the fecurity of the parties concerned: provided, that every commiffioner, before he fits in judgment, fhall take an oath, to be adminiftered by one of the judges of the fupreme or fuperior court of the ftate where the caufe fhall be tried, "well and truly to hear and determine the matter in queftion, according to the beft of his judgement, without favour, affection, or hope of reward:" provided alfo, that no ftate fhall be deprived of territory for the benefit of the united ftates.

3. All controverfies concerning the private right of foil claimed under different grants of two or more ftates, whofe jurifdictions as they may refpect fuch lands, and the ftates which paffed fuch grants are adjusted, the faid grants or either of them being at the fame time claimed to have originated antecedent to fuch fettlement of jurifdiction, fhall on the petition of either party to the congrefs of the united ftates, be finally determined, as near as may be, in the fame manner as is before prescribed for deciding difputes refpecting territorial jurifdiction between different ftates.

4. The united states in congrefs affembled fhall, alfo have the fole and exclufive right and power of regulating the alloy and value of coin ftruck by their own authority, or by that of the respective states; fixing the ftandard of weights and measures throughout the united states; regulating the trade and managing all affairs with the Indians, not members of any of the ftates, provided that the legiflative right of any ftate within its own limits be not infringed or violated; establishing and regulating poft-offices from one ftate to another, throughout all the united ftates, and exacting fuch poftage on the papers paffing through the fame, as may be requifite to defray the expences of the faid office; appointing all officers of the land forces in the fervice of the united states, excepting regimental officers; appointing all the officers of the naval forces, and commiffioning all officers whatever in the fervice of the united states; making rules for the government and regulation of the faid land and naval forces, and directing their operations.

5. The united states in congrefs affembled fhall have authority to appoint a committee, to fit in the recefs of congrefs, to be denominated, A Committee of the States, and to confist of one delegate from each ftate; and to appoint fuch other committees and civil officers as may be neceffary for managing the general affairs of the united ftates under their direction; to appoint one of their number to prefide, provided that no perfon be allowed to

ferve

ferve in the office of prefident more than one year in any term of three years; to ascertain the neceffary fums of money to be raised for the fervice of the united states, and to appropriate and apply the fame for defraying the public expences; to borrow money or emit bills on the credit of the united ftates, tranfmitting every half year to the respective states an account of the fums of money fo borrowed or emitted; to build and equip a navy; to agree upon the number of land forces, and to make requifitions from each state for its quota, in proportion to the number of white inhabitants in fuch ftate, which requifition fhall be binding; and thereupon the legislature of each ftate fhall appoint the regimental officers, raife the men, and cloath, arm, and equip them in a foldier-like manner, at the expence of the united ftates; and the officers and men fo cloathed, armed, and equipped, fhall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states in congrefs affembled: but if the united states in congrefs affembled fhall, on confideration of circumftances, judge proper that any ftate fhould not raise men, or fhould raise a Imaller number than its quota, and that any other state should raise a greater number of men than the quota thereof, such extra number fhall be raised, officered, cloathed, armed, and equipped in the fame manner as the quota of fuch ftate, unless the legiflature of such state fhall judge that fuch extra number cannot be fafely fpared out of the fame, in which cafe they fhall raife, officer, cloath, arm, and equip, as many of fuch extra number as they judge can be fafely fpared; and the officers and men fo cloathed, armed, and equipped, hall march to the place appointed, and within the time agreed on by the united states in congrefs affembled.

6. The united ftates in congress affembled fhall never engage in a war, nor grant letters of marque and reprifal in time of peace, nor enter into any treaties or alliances, nor coin money, nor regulate the value thereof, nor afcertain the fums and expences neceffary for the defence and welfare of the united ftates, or any of them, nor emit bills, nor borrow money on the credit of the united states, nor appropriate money, nor agree upon the number of veffels of war to be built or purchased, or the number of land or fea forces to be raised, nor appoint a commander in chief of the army or navy, unlefs nine ftates affent to the fame : Nor fhall a question on any other point, except for adjourning from day to day, be determined, unlefs by the votes of a majority of the united states in congress affembled.

7. The congrefs of the united states fhall have power to adjourn to any time within the year, and to any place within the united ftates, fo that no period of adjournment be for a longer duration than the space of fix months, and fhall publifh the journal of their proceedings monthly, except fuch parts thereof relating to

C 2

treaties,

treaties, alliances, or military operations, as in their judgement require fecrecy; and the yeas and nays of the delegates of each ftate on any queftion fhall be entered on the journal, when it is defired by any delegate; and the delegates of a ftate, or any of them, at his or their requeft fhall be furnished with a tranfcript of the faid journal, except fuch parts as are above excepted, to lay before the legislatures of the several states.

Art. X. The committee of the ftates, or any nine of them, fhall be authorised to execute, in the recefs of congrefs, fuch of the powers of congrefs as the united states in congrefs affembled, by the consent of nine ftates, fhall from time to time think expedient to veft them with; provided that no power be delegated to the faid committee, for the exercife of which, by the articles of confederation, the voice of nine ftates, in the congrefs of the united states affembled, is requifite.

Art. XI. Canada acceding to this confederation, and joining in the measures of the united ftates, fhall be admitted into, and entitled to all the advantages of this union: But no other colony fhall be admited into the fame, unless such admiffion be agreed to by nine ftates.

Art. XII. All bills of credit emitted, monies borrowed, and debts contracted by, or under the authority of congrefs, before the affembling of the united ftates, in purfuance of the present confederation, fhall be deemed and confidered as a charge against the united states, for payment and fatisfaction whereof the faid united states and the public faith are hereby folemnly pledged.

Art. XIII. Every ftate fhall abide by the determinations of the united states in congrefs affembled, on all questions which by this confederation are fubmitted to them. And the articles of this confederation fhall be inviolably obferved by every ftate, and the union fhall be perpetual; nor fhall any alteration at any time hereafter be made in any of them; unless fuch alteration be agreed to in a congrefs of the united ftates, and be afterwards confirmed by the legislatures of every ftate.

AND WHEREAS it hath pleafed the great Governor of the world to incline the hearts of the legiflatures we refpectively reprefent in congrefs, to approve of, and to authorife us to ratify the faid articles of confederation and perpetual union: KNOW YE, that we, the underfigned delegates, by virtue of the power and authority to us given for that purpofe, do, by thefe prefents, in the name and behalf of our refpective constituents, fully and entirely ratify and confirm each and every of the faid articles of confederation and perpetual union, and all and fingular the matters and things therein contained. And we do further folemnly plight and engage the faith of our re

fpective