The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially for the Use of Students in Engineering ...

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John Wiley, 1900 - 838 sider
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Innhold

Other Variations of the Declination
32
To fird the Declination of the Needle
33
34 The Use of the Compass
34
To set off the Declination 36 Local Attractions
36
To establish a Line of a Given Bearing 38 To find the True Bearing of a Line 39 To retrace an Old Line
37
40 The Prismatic Compass described
38
45 The Burt Solar Compass eeeeg
39
Adjustment of the Bubbles
41
Adjustment of the Lines of Collimation 48 Adjustment of the Declination Vernier 49 Adjustment of the Vernier on the Latitude Arc 50 Adjustment o...
43
51 Conditions requiring its Use
44
To correct the Declination for Refraction
45
53a A Field Determination of the Refraction Correction 48
48
Errors in Azimuth due to Errors in the Decl and Lat Angles
49
Solar Attachments
52
5659 Practical Problems 53
53
Adjustment of the Horizontal Axis
87
Adjustment of the Telescope Bubble
89
94 Eccentricity of Centres and Verniers
90
Inclination of Vertical Axis
91
Inclination of Horizontal Axis
92
98 To measure a Horizontal Angle
93
To measure a Vertical Angle
94
To run out a Straight Line
95
Traversing
97
102 Various Forms described
99
Adjustments of the Saegmuller Attachment
102
104 The Gradienter described
104
106114 Practical Problems 105107
105
115 The Sextant described
108
The Theory of the Sextant
110
The Adjustment of the Index Glass III
112
Woods Double Sextant
113
CHAPTER V
116
Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles
119
General Description of its Use
120
Location by Resection
122
Resection on Three Known Points
125
132135 Practical Problems
126
The Aneroid described
127
Derivation and use of Barometric Formulæ
128
Use of the Aneroid
135
139 The Pedometer described
137
The Length of Mens Steps
138
140 Description and Use
139
141 Description and Use
141
142 Description and Use
142
143 Description
143
Theory of the Polar Planimeter
144
To find the Length of Arm to use
150
The Suspended Planimeter
152
Theory of the Rolling Planimeter
154
To Test the Accuracy of a Planimeter
157
The Use of the Planimeter
158
Accuracy of Planimeter Measurements
160
152 Description and Theory
161
Various Styles of Pantographs
163
Use of the Pantograph
165
Various Styles described
166
155 Description and Use
169
156a The Pocket Slide Rule
171
BOOK II
172
Land Monuments
173
Significance and Authority of Monuments
174
Lost Monuments
175
162 The Extent of the System
176
The Reference Lines
177
The Division into Townships
178
The Convergence of the Meridians
179
Corner Monuments
181
The Subdivision of Sections
183
The Running of Parallels
185
170 The Area defined
187
171 By the Use of the Chain alone
188
By the Use of the Compass or Transit and Chain
189
The Field Notes
190
Computing the Latitudes and Departures
195
Balancing the Survey
198
The Error of Closure
201
The Form of Reduction
202
Correction from Erroneous Length of Chain
205
183 Conditions of Application of the Method
208
Theory of the Method
209
The Form of Reduction
211
Plotting the Survey
216
Method of Computation stated 193
217
The Method by Offsets at Regular Intervals
218
190 The Problems of Infinite Variety
221
To cut from a Given Tract of Land a Given Area by a Right Line running in a Given Direction
223
193 The Problem Stated
228
The Interpretation of Descriptions in Deeds and the Identification of Boundaries
229
Water Boundaries and Meandered Lines
232
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
233
Examples in Land Surveying
234
CHAPTER VIII
237
Method by Transit and Stadia stated
238
200a The Use of an Interval Factor
244
245a
245
The Prevention of Systematic Errors of Stadia Measurements 245c
245
Adaptation of Formula to Inclined Sights
246
Description and Use of the Stadia Tables
248
Porros Telescope having the Vertex of the Reading Angle at the Center of the Instrument
249
206 The Transit
251
Setting the Crosswires
252
Graduating the Stadia
253
209 Topography
257
Methods of Field Work 211 Reduction of the Notes 212 Plotting the Stadia Line
268
Check Readings
269
Plotting the Side Readings
270
Contour Lines
275
The Final
278
Topographical Symbols
279
CHAPTER IX
281
The Maps
283
Plotting the Survey
285
Making the Location on the Map 224 Another Method
291
CHAPTER X
293
By Two Angles read on Shore
295
By one Range and one Angle
298
Buoys Buoyflags and Rangepoles
299
By one Range and Timeintervals
300
234 The Lead
301
Sounding Poles
303
Lines of Equal Depth
304
Soundings for the Study of Sandwaves
305
Areas of Crosssection
306
243 Benchmarks
307
Waterlevels
308
Riverslope
309
Measuring Mean Velocities of Watercurrents
310
Use of Subsurface Floats
311
Use of Current Meters
316
Rating the Meter
317
251
323
252
324
253
325
To find the Mean Velocity on the Crosssection
328
Subcurrents
331
The Flow over Weirs
332
Location Surveys
351
268
355
APPENDIX
359
270
367
Amended Surveys
368
Underground Surveying
370
274a Stations
377
275
382
Carrying the Meridian into the Mine
386
274d Underground Leveling
389
274e Mapping the Survey
390
274f Problems of Underground Surveying
392
Surface Surveys
397
274h Court Maps
398
CHAPTER XII
400
The Transit
401
278
403
279
404
281
405
283
407
Surveys for Subdivision
409
285
413
287
414
The Contour Map
415
291
416
True Standards
417
293
418
294
420
295
424
The Effect of Wind
425
The Effect of Slope
426
Checks
427
300 The Improvement of Streets
428
The Value of an Existing Monument
429
The Significance of Possession
431
Disturbed Corners and Inconsistent Plats
432
Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency
433
The investigation and Interpretation of Deeds
435
Preservation of Lines
436
The Want of Agreement between Surveyors
437
CHAPTER XIII
438
Grading over Extended Surfaces
440
Approximate Estimates by Means of Contours
443
The Prismoid
448
Areas of Crosssection
450
The Centre and Side Heights
451
Crosssectioning
452
Threelevel Sections the Upper Surface consisting of two Warped Surfaces
454
Construction of Tables for Prismoidal Computation
456
Threelevel Sections the Surface divided into Four Planes by Diagonals
461
Comparison of Volumes by Diagonals and by Warped Surfaces
463
Preliminary Estimates from the Profiles
465
Borrowpits
468
Excavations under Water
469
CHAPTER XIV
472
Triangulation Systems
473
The Baseline and its Connections
475
Tbe Reconnaissance
477
Instrumental Outfit for Reconnaissance
479
The Direction of Invisible Stations
480
Construction of Stations
485
Targets
486
Heliotropes
490
Station Marks
492
338 Methods
495
The Steel Tape
497
Method of Mounting and Stretching the Tape
498
Jäderins Method
501
The Absolute Length of Tape
503
The Coefficient of Expansion
504
The Modulus of Elasticity
505
Temperature Correction
507
Temperature Correction when a Metallic Thermometer is used
508
Correction for Alignment
510
Correction for Sag
513
To reduce a Broken Base to a Straight Line
516
Summary of Corrections
517
To compute any Portion of a Broken Base which cannot be directly measured
520
Accuracy attainable by Steeltape and Metallicwire Measure ments
521
356 The Instruments
525
The Filar Micrometer
528
The Programme of Observations
531
The Repeating Method
532
Adjustment of Horizontal Axis 119
533
Atmospheric Conditions
535
Geodetic Night Signals
536
364 Equations of Condition
539
Adjustment of a Triangle
541
366 The Geometrical Conditions
542
The Sideequation Adjustment
545
Rigorous Adjustment for Angle and Sideequations
549
Example of Quadrilateral Adjustment
552
370 Used only in Primary Triangulation
554
372 Conditions
558
The Observation for Latitude
562
First Method
563
Correction for Observations not on the Meridian
564
The Observation for Azimuth
565
Corrections for Observations near Elongation
567
The Target
568
381a Azimuth from Polaris at any Hour
569
Time
570
Conversion of a Sidereal into a Mean Solar Time Interval and vice versa
575
To change Mean Time into Sidereal Time
576
To change from Sidereal to Mean Time
577
The Observation for Time
578
Selection of Stars with List of Southern TimeStars for each Month
579
Finding the Mean Time by Transit
580
Finding the Altitude
583
Making the Observations
584
Computing the Geodetic Positions
587
Example of L M Z Computation
589
395 Of Two Kinds
592
Formulæ for Reciprocal Observations
593
Formulæ for Observations at One Station only
595
To find the Value of the Coefficient of Refraction
596
401 Precise Levelling Defined
599
The Instrumental Constants
603
The Daily Adjustments
607
Field Methods
609
Limits of Error
612
Adjustment of Polygonal Systems
613
Determination of the Elevation of Mean Tide
617
CHAPTER XV
618
Trapezoidal Projection
619
The Simple Conic Projection
621
The Polyconic Projection
622
Meridian Distances in Table VIII
626
The Angle of Convergence of Meridians
628
420 MapLettering
629
INSTRUCTIONS TO U S DEPUTY MINERAL SURVEYORS
639
APPENDIX C
685
APPENDIX
702
THE ESSENTIAL RequiremenTS OF A SURVEY AND MAP AND THE OWNER
724
APPENDIX I
736
RESTORATION OF LOST OR OBLITERATED CORNERS
790
Latitudes Departures and Meridian Distances 103
829
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The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and ...
John Butler Johnson
Uten tilgangsbegrensning - 1900

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accuracy accurate adjustment amount angle attached axis azimuth base bearing bring bubble called cause centre circle coincide compass computed corners correction corresponding course declination desired determined difference direction distance divided elevation equal equation error established evident feet figure fixed forward give given graduated ground height horizontal inches instrument known land latitude length less limb line of sight marked mean measured meridian method miles monuments motion move necessary needle notes object observation obtained parallel plane plotted position record reference refraction revolve rule scale shown side solar square stakes standard station surface survey surveyor taken tape telescope temperature tion transit true tube turn usually vernier vertical wheel wires zero

Populære avsnitt

Side 842 - Joiuer 18mo, 75 Kidder's Architect and Builder's Pocket-book. . .16mo, morocco, 4 00 Merrill's Stones for Building and Decoration 8vo...
Vises i 127 bøker fra 1879-2007
Side 671 - ... side of the middle of said vein at the surface, so far as can be determined from present developments; and all veins, lodes, ledges or deposits and surface ground within the lines of said claim, 1,000 feet running S. 33° E. from center of discovery shaft and 125 feet running N.
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Side 682 - States may appoint in each land district containing mineral lands as many competent surveyors as shall apply for appointment to survey mining claims.
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Side 639 - This is the legal rule, and it is not limited to government surveys, but applies as well to water lots which appear as such on town plats. (Bay City Gas Light Co., v. The Industrial Works, 28 Mich. Reports, 182.) It often happens, therefore, that the lines of city lots bounded on navigable streams are deflected as they strike the bank, or the line where the bank was when the town was first laid out.
Vises i 27 bøker fra 1880-2004
Side 647 - A mineral survey must not be returned with its connection made only with a corner of the public survey, where the survey of the township within which it is situated is under suspension, nor connected with a mineral monument alone, when situated within the limits of a township the regularity and correctness of the survey of which is unquestioned.
Vises i 24 bøker fra 1897-1930
Side 739 - And in all cases where the exterior lines of the townships, thus to be subdivided into sections or half sections, shall exceed or shall not extend six miles, the excess or deficiency shall be specially noted, and added to or deducted from the western and northern ranges of sections or half sections in such township, according as the error may be in. running the lines from east to west, or from south to north.
Vises i 99 bøker fra 1821-1986
Side 636 - The general duty of a surveyor in such a case is plain enough. He is not to assume that a monument is lost until after he has thoroughly sifted the evidence and found himself unable to trace it. Even then he should hesitate long before doing anything to the disturbance of settled possessions. Occupation, especially if long continued, often affords...
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Side 103 - C, as seen above, are constants, depending upon the latitude of the place of observation and the declination of the star. Tables for these quantities will be found in an appendix to Annual Report US Coast and Geodetic Survey for 1874.
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TittelThe Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially for the Use of Students in Engineering ...
ForfatterJohn Butler Johnson
Utgave15
UtgiverJohn Wiley, 1900
Original fraUniversity of Wisconsin - Madison
Digitalisert10. jan 2008
Lengde838 sider
  
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