The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially for the Use of Students in Engineering ...

John Butler Johnson

John Wiley, 1900 - 838 sider

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INTRODUCTION I	2

MINING SURVEYING	10

To straighten the Needle	17

To remagnetize the Needle	18

The Declination defined wwwwww un	28

The Daily Variation	29

The Secular Variation	30

Isogonic Lines	31

257	335

The Miners Inch	338

Formulæ for the Flow of Water in Open ChannelsKutters For mula	339

Crosssections of Least Resistance	344

261 Methods and Objects	345

Collecting the Specimens of Water	347

Siphoning off Filtering and Weighing the Sediment	348

265	349

Other Variations of the Declination	32

To fird the Declination of the Needle	33

34 The Use of the Compass	34

To set off the Declination 36 Local Attractions	36

To establish a Line of a Given Bearing 38 To find the True Bearing of a Line 39 To retrace an Old Line	37

40 The Prismatic Compass described	38

45 The Burt Solar Compass eeeeg	39

Adjustment of the Bubbles	41

Adjustment of the Lines of Collimation 48 Adjustment of the Declination Vernier 49 Adjustment of the Vernier on the Latitude Arc 50 Adjustment o...	43

51 Conditions requiring its Use	44

To correct the Declination for Refraction	45

53a A Field Determination of the Refraction Correction 48	48

Errors in Azimuth due to Errors in the Decl and Lat Angles	49

Solar Attachments	52

5659 Practical Problems 53	53

Adjustment of the Horizontal Axis	87

Adjustment of the Telescope Bubble	89

94 Eccentricity of Centres and Verniers	90

Inclination of Vertical Axis	91

Inclination of Horizontal Axis	92

98 To measure a Horizontal Angle	93

To measure a Vertical Angle	94

To run out a Straight Line	95

Traversing	97

102 Various Forms described	99

Adjustments of the Saegmuller Attachment	102

104 The Gradienter described	104

106114 Practical Problems 105107	105

115 The Sextant described	108

The Theory of the Sextant	110

The Adjustment of the Index Glass III	112

Woods Double Sextant	113

CHAPTER V	116

Adjustment of the Plate Bubbles	119

General Description of its Use	120

Location by Resection	122

Resection on Three Known Points	125

132135 Practical Problems	126

The Aneroid described	127

Derivation and use of Barometric Formulæ	128

Use of the Aneroid	135

139 The Pedometer described	137

The Length of Mens Steps	138

140 Description and Use	139

141 Description and Use	141

142 Description and Use	142

143 Description	143

Theory of the Polar Planimeter	144

To find the Length of Arm to use	150

The Suspended Planimeter	152

Theory of the Rolling Planimeter	154

To Test the Accuracy of a Planimeter	157

The Use of the Planimeter	158

Accuracy of Planimeter Measurements	160

152 Description and Theory	161

Various Styles of Pantographs	163

Use of the Pantograph	165

Various Styles described	166

155 Description and Use	169

156a The Pocket Slide Rule	171

BOOK II	172

Land Monuments	173

Significance and Authority of Monuments	174

Lost Monuments	175

162 The Extent of the System	176

The Reference Lines	177

The Division into Townships	178

The Convergence of the Meridians	179

Corner Monuments	181

The Subdivision of Sections	183

The Running of Parallels	185

170 The Area defined	187

171 By the Use of the Chain alone	188

By the Use of the Compass or Transit and Chain	189

The Field Notes	190

Computing the Latitudes and Departures	195

Balancing the Survey	198

The Error of Closure	201

The Form of Reduction	202

Correction from Erroneous Length of Chain	205

183 Conditions of Application of the Method	208

Theory of the Method	209

The Form of Reduction	211

Plotting the Survey	216

Method of Computation stated 193	217

The Method by Offsets at Regular Intervals	218

190 The Problems of Infinite Variety	221

To cut from a Given Tract of Land a Given Area by a Right Line running in a Given Direction	223

193 The Problem Stated	228

The Interpretation of Descriptions in Deeds and the Identification of Boundaries	229

Water Boundaries and Meandered Lines	232

Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency	233

Examples in Land Surveying	234

CHAPTER VIII	237

Method by Transit and Stadia stated	238

200a The Use of an Interval Factor	244

245a	245

The Prevention of Systematic Errors of Stadia Measurements 245c	245

Adaptation of Formula to Inclined Sights	246

Description and Use of the Stadia Tables	248

Porros Telescope having the Vertex of the Reading Angle at the Center of the Instrument	249

206 The Transit	251

Setting the Crosswires	252

Graduating the Stadia	253

209 Topography	257

Methods of Field Work 211 Reduction of the Notes 212 Plotting the Stadia Line	268

Check Readings	269

Plotting the Side Readings	270

Contour Lines	275

The Final	278

Topographical Symbols	279

CHAPTER IX	281

The Maps	283

Plotting the Survey	285

Making the Location on the Map 224 Another Method	291

CHAPTER X	293

By Two Angles read on Shore	295

By one Range and one Angle	298

Buoys Buoyflags and Rangepoles	299

By one Range and Timeintervals	300

234 The Lead	301

Sounding Poles	303

Lines of Equal Depth	304

Soundings for the Study of Sandwaves	305

Areas of Crosssection	306

243 Benchmarks	307

Waterlevels	308

Riverslope	309

Measuring Mean Velocities of Watercurrents	310

Use of Subsurface Floats	311

Use of Current Meters	316

Rating the Meter	317

251	323

252	324

253	325

To find the Mean Velocity on the Crosssection	328

Subcurrents	331

The Flow over Weirs	332

Location Surveys	351

268	355

APPENDIX	359

270	367

Placer Claims	368

Underground Surveying	370

274a Stations	377

275	382

Carrying the Meridian into the Mine	386

274d Underground Leveling	389

274e Mapping the Survey	390

274f Problems of Underground Surveying	392

Surface Surveys	397

274h Court Maps	398

CHAPTER XII	400

The Transit	401

278	403

279	404

281	405

283	407

Surveys for Subdivision	409

285	413

287	414

The Contour Map	415

291	416

True Standards	417

293	418

294	420

295	424

The Effect of Wind	425

The Effect of Slope	426

Checks	427

300 The Improvement of Streets	428

The Value of an Existing Monument	429

The Significance of Possession	431

Disturbed Corners and Inconsistent Plats	432

Treatment of Surplus and Deficiency	433

The investigation and Interpretation of Deeds	435

Preservation of Lines	436

The Want of Agreement between Surveyors	437

CHAPTER XIII	438

Grading over Extended Surfaces	440

Approximate Estimates by Means of Contours	443

The Prismoid	448

Areas of Crosssection	450

The Centre and Side Heights	451

Crosssectioning	452

Threelevel Sections the Upper Surface consisting of two Warped Surfaces	454

Construction of Tables for Prismoidal Computation	456

Threelevel Sections the Surface divided into Four Planes by Diagonals	461

Comparison of Volumes by Diagonals and by Warped Surfaces	463

Preliminary Estimates from the Profiles	465

Borrowpits	468

Excavations under Water	469

CHAPTER XIV	472

Triangulation Systems	473

The Baseline and its Connections	475

Tbe Reconnaissance	477

Instrumental Outfit for Reconnaissance	479

The Direction of Invisible Stations	480

Construction of Stations	485

Targets	486

Heliotropes	490

Station Marks	492

338 Methods	495

The Steel Tape	497

Method of Mounting and Stretching the Tape	498

Jäderins Method	501

The Absolute Length of Tape	503

The Coefficient of Expansion	504

The Modulus of Elasticity	505

Temperature Correction	507

Temperature Correction when a Metallic Thermometer is used	508

Correction for Alignment	510

Correction for Sag	513

To reduce a Broken Base to a Straight Line	516

Summary of Corrections	517

To compute any Portion of a Broken Base which cannot be directly measured	520

Accuracy attainable by Steeltape and Metallicwire Measure ments	521

356 The Instruments	525

The Filar Micrometer	528

The Programme of Observations	531

The Repeating Method	532

Adjustment of Horizontal Axis 119	533

Atmospheric Conditions	535

Geodetic Night Signals	536

364 Equations of Condition	539

Adjustment of a Triangle	541

366 The Geometrical Conditions	542

The Sideequation Adjustment	545

Rigorous Adjustment for Angle and Sideequations	549

Example of Quadrilateral Adjustment	552

370 Used only in Primary Triangulation	554

372 Conditions	558

The Observation for Latitude	562

First Method	563

Correction for Observations not on the Meridian	564

The Observation for Azimuth	565

Corrections for Observations near Elongation	567

The Target	568

381a Azimuth from Polaris at any Hour	569

Time	570

Conversion of a Sidereal into a Mean Solar Time Interval and vice versa	573

To change Mean Time into Sidereal Time	576

To change from Sidereal to Mean Time	577

The Observation for Time	578

Selection of Stars with List of Southern TimeStars for each Month	579

Finding the Mean Time by Transit	580

Finding the Altitude	583

Making the Observations	584

Computing the Geodetic Positions	587

Example of L M Z Computation	589

395 Of Two Kinds	592

Formulæ for Reciprocal Observations	593

Formulæ for Observations at One Station only	595

To find the Value of the Coefficient of Refraction	596

401 Precise Levelling Defined	597

The Instruments	598

The Instrumental Constants	603

The Daily Adjustments	607

Field Methods	609

Limits of Error	612

Adjustment of Polygonal Systems	613

409 Purpose of the Map	614

Trapezoidal Projection	615

The Simple Conic Projection	616

De lIsles Conic Projection	617

The Polyconic Projection	618

Meridian Distances in Table VIII	621

Summary	626

The Angle of Convergence of Meridians	628

420 MapLettering	629

INSTRUCTIONS TO U S DEPUTY MINERAL SURVEYORS	639

APPENDIX C	685

APPENDIX	702

MICHIGAN LAWS FOR MAKING TOWN CITY AND VILLAGE PLATS	785

Latitudes Departures and Meridian Distances 103	829

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The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and ...
John Butler Johnson
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accuracy accurate adjustment alidade altitude angular attached azimuth back-sight barometric bearing bubble bubble-tube centre chain clamped coincide computed contour contour lines corners correction corresponding course declination determined difference of elevation disk distance equal equation error of closure eye-piece feet give given graduated ground Gunter's chain horizontal angles horizontal line inches intersection known point latitude length limb line of collimation line of sight marked mean measured ment meridian method minutes of arc monuments motion move needle observation obtained parallel plane table planimeter plat plotted plumb-bobs plumb-line polar axis position protractor refraction revolve right angles scale screw sextant shown in Fig side slope solar compass south point stadia stakes station surface survey surveyor taken tangent tape telescope temperature tion tracing-point transit triangle true tube velocity vernier vertical angle vertical circle vertical plane wheel wires

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Bibliografisk informasjon

Tittel	The Theory and Practice of Surveying: Designed for the Use of Surveyors and Engineers Generally, But Especially for the Use of Students in Engineering ...
Forfatter	John Butler Johnson
Utgave	15
Utgiver	John Wiley, 1900
Original fra	University of Wisconsin - Madison
Digitalisert	10. jan 2008
Lengde	838 sider

Eksporter sitat	BiBTeX EndNote RefMan

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