Burke evidently borrowed this use of it from Bacon, Adv. of Learning, xxiii., 47, where it is applied to government in general: 'We see, all governments are obscure and invisible;

Totamque infusa per artus

Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet.

Such is the description of governments.' South uses it in the same way: "The spirit which animates and acts the universe is the spirit of government' (Sermon on the Episcopal Function). Shakespeare and the Bible supply most of the other phrases in the passage. 'My trust is in her,' etc., Psalms. 'Light as air, strong,' etc., Othello. 'Grapple to you,' Hamlet, etc. 'No force under heaven will be of power to tear you,' etc., St. Paul. 'Chosen race,' Tate and Brady. "Turn their faces toward you,' 1 Kings viii. 44-45; Dan. vi. 10. 'Perfect obedience;' 'mysterious whole,' Pope."-PAYNE.

76 27. Light as air. 76 28. Links of iron.

76 30. Grapple.

Othello, III., iii., 322.

Jul. Cæs., I., iii., 94.

Hamlet, I., iii., 62.

777. Sacred temple. Has this image occurred before? 719. Turn their faces towards you.

This is one of those beautiful allusions to the Scriptures with which Mr. Burke so often adorns his pages. The prac tice among the Jews of worshipping toward the Temple in all their Dispersions was founded on the prayer of Solomon at its dedication: If thy people go out to battle, or whithersoever thou shalt send them, and shall pray unto the Lord toward the city which thou hast chosen, and toward the House that I have built for thy name, then hear thou in heaven their prayer and their supplication, and maintain their cause.—1 Kings viii. 44-45. ."-GOODRICH.

77 17. Of price. Cf. Matt. xiii. 46.

77 21. Genung, Practical Elements of Rhetoric, p. 466, uses the passage from here through paragraph 139 in illustration of the following principle: "The appeal to worthy motive is not always explicit. It is often made even more effective by being pervasive, perineating structure and style, phrase and word, so that the hearer is at every step inspired by lofty standards and aims. It is this that makes a true oration preeminently ethical; it is an embodied appeal to what is righteous in man.”

77 25. Sufferances. A sufferance is a permit for the shipment of certain kinds of goods.

77 26. Cockets. A cocket is a document sealed by the officers of the custom-house, and delivered to merchants as a certificate that their merchandise has been duly entered and has paid duty. In the Boston Port Bill, certain vessels are exempted from the provisions of the Act, "provided the vessels wherein the same are to be carried shall be duly furnished with a cocket and let-pass."

77 30. The mysterious whole. Cf. note on 76 23 ff.

77 34. It is the spirit, etc.

"The reader of Virgil will trace the origin of this beautiful sentence to the poet's description of the Animus Mundi, or soul of the universe, in the sixth book of the Eneid, lines 726-727:

Spiritus intus alit; totamque infusa per artus
Mens agitat molem, et magno se corpore miscet.

Mr. Burke's application of this image to the Spirit of Freedom in the English Constitution is one of the finest conceptions of his genius. The thought rises into new dignity and strength when we view it—as it lay in the mind of Burke -in connection with the sublime passage by which it was suggested."-GOODRICH.

78 5. Land Tax Act. The Acts here mentioned were all passed annually, and will be found among the first for each year in the printed statutes.

78 7. Mutiny Bill.

"The people of England, jealous on all subjects which relate to liberty, have exceeded, on the subject of the army, their usual caution. They have, in the preamble of their annual Mutiny Bill, claimed their birthright; they recite part of the Declaration of Right, "that standing armies and martial law in peace, without the consent of Parliament, are illegal;" and having stated the simplicity and purity of their ancient Constitution, and having set forth a great principle of Magna Charta, they admit a partial and temporary repeal of it; they admit an army, and a law for its regulation, but they limit the number of the former, and the duration of both; confining all the troops themselves, the law that regulates, and the power that commands them, to one year. Thus is the army of England rendered a Parliamentary army; the constitutional ascendancy of the subject over the

soldier preserved; the military rendered effectually subordinate to the civil magistrate; the government of the sword controlled in its exercise, because limited in its duration; and the King entrusted with the command of the army during good behaviour only.' Grattan, Observations on the [Irish] Mutiny Bill, 1781."-PAYNE.

The Mutiny Bill was superseded in 1879 by the Army Discipline and Regulation Act; this is brought into force annually by a short act called the Army Annual Act.

78 16. Profane herd. Adapted from the profanum vulgus of Horace, Odes, III., i., 1.

78 22. These ruling and master principles. Cf. Present Discontents:

"Nations are not primarily ruled by laws; less by violence. Whatever original energy may be supposed either in force or regulation, the operation of both is, in truth, merely instrumental. Nations are governed by the same methods and on the same principles by which an individual without authority is often able to govern those who are his equals or superiors,— by a knowledge of their temper and a judicious management of it."

78 30. Auspicate. Initiate with a ceremony calculated to insure prosperity or good luck. What is the Latin? Is it in the best taste to use a word of heathen associations when about to refer to the most solemn portion of Christian worship? Have we noted such a blending of paganism and Christianity in any earlier pages ?

78 31. Sursum corda. Lift up your hearts. In the Mass, or the English Communion Service, this phrase, or its English equivalent, is used when the preliminary portion has been concluded, and the priest or clergyman is proceeding toward the preparation of the sacred elements. It is immediately followed by the Sanctus, unless a Proper Preface should be interposed.

78 34. High calling. Phil. iii. 14.

79 9. Quod felix faustumque sit. May it be happy and prosperous. An invocation in use by the Romans at the beginning of an important undertaking.

79 10. Temple of Peace. Cf. 53 23.

79 11 ff. Cf. 54 3 ff., pp. 80-82.

An instructive commentary upon the question of the taxation of America by England is furnished by the following editorial paragraphs from the Saturday Review of July 25, 1896 (p. 77):

"The Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the financial relations of Great Britain and Ireland published its Report weeks ago. Ten out of the thirteen Commissioners agree that we have taken £2,750,000 a year more from Ireland than Ireland ought to have paid. And this fleecing of England's weaker sister has been going on at this rate for something like half a century. According to the finding of a Commission mainly composed of Englishmen, we owe Ireland considerably over £100,000,000 sterling, a sum that, wisely expended on light railways, harbour extensions, and drainage schemes, would go far even now towards making Ireland prosperous. Had this sum been left in Ireland to fructify, it is more than likely that Ireland would never have suffered as she suffered in the early eighties, and then we should have had Home Rule in a much milder form.

66

'But what is to be done now? The politicians have paid no attention to this Report; it is, in fact, being met with silence-the 'Todesschweigen' that allows no whisper to disturb the grave wherein unpleasant things are buried. For our part, as we have already said, we rejoice in this Report; it shows that the cry for Home Rule has not its root in sentiment, but in material grievances, and a rich country like England can easily turn these grievances into gratitude. But will England even now act generously in this matter? That's the rub. We hope so, and shall press the point in and out of season. This Report has yet another bearing: it explains the existence of the physical-force party in Irish politics, just as the illegal levy of ship-money explained Hampden's revolt."

INDEX