such charge shall be a lien against the respective property charged therewith of the same character and effect, and shall be collected in the same manner and at the same time as city taxes. The provisions of this section shall not apply as to any piece of property or land or lot, the charge against which has been paid prior to the deliv ery to the city auditor and assessor of said abstract, but in such case an appropriate entry shall be made in the said record book by the said superintendent of streets, showing that such charge has been paid. person SEC. 8. Proof of the publication, posting, or service of any notice, order, or deter- En mination provided for in this ordinance shall be made by the affidavit of the printer of the newspaper in which published, his foreman, or principal clerk, or the posting or serving the notice, order, or determination annexed to a copy of order, notice, or determination published, posted, or served, as the case may be, and specia fying the time when or at which the same was published, posted, or served, as the case may be. It shall be the duty of the superintendent of streets to keep among the official records of his office the affidavits of publication, posting, or service herein provided for. SEC. 9. That the existence of weeds, rubbish, and other material upon property, lands, or lots contrary to the provisions of this ordinance is a menace to the public peace, health, and safety of the citizens of the city of Pomona. Therefore, this ordinance is urgently required for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health and safety within said city. SEC. 10. The city clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance and shall cause the same to be published once in the Pomona Morning Times, and thereupon and thereafter it shall take effect and be in force. Domestic Animals Premises Stables-Manure. (Ord. 374, Sept. 17, 1912.) SECTION 1. It is hereby declared to be a nuisance and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, as principal, agent or employee, in the city of Pomona, to keep or permit to be kept at or upon any premises owned, controlled or occupied by him or it in said city, any chicken coop, yard, cow house, hogpen, stable, cellar, vault, drain, pool, sewer or sink, in a foul, noxious or filthy condition. SEC. 2. It is hereby declared to be a nuisance and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, as principal, agent or employee, to keep or maintain within the city of Pomona, any cow or cows, unless the same shall be provided with an open enclosure which shall contain not less than 625 square feet of surface for each animal so kept, which enclosure shall not be less than 35 feet from the nearest resi dence. And if a barn is provided for the shelter of the said animal or animals, said barn shall be so connected with said enclosure that said animal or animals can pass out of said barn into said enclosure at any time. SEC. 3. It is hereby declared to be a nuisance and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, as principal, agent or employee, to keep or maintain more than two cows within the district in the city of Pomona, bounded as follows, to-wit. Beginning at Grand Avenue and San Antonio Avenue; thence northerly on San Antonio Avenue to San Bernardino Avenue; thence westerly on San Bernardino Avenue to Orange Grove Avenue; thence westerly on Orange Grove Avenue to Hamilton Avenue; thence southerly on Hamilton Avenue to First Street; thence westerly on First Street to the west city limits; thence southerly on west city limits to Grand Avenue; thence easterly on Grand Avenue to San Antonio Avenue: Provide however, that where a person or persons have established a dairy within said district such person or persons shall be given until January 1st, 1913, to remove said dairy business from within said district. SEC. 1. It is hereby declared to be a nuisance and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, as principal, agent or employee, to keep or permit to be kep: 1893 any hog or hogs at or upon any premises within the district described in section 3, of this ordinance. SEC. 5. It is hereby declared to be a nuisance and it shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, as principal, agent or employee, to keep or permit to be kept at or upon any premises owned, controlled or occupied by him or it within the district as herein described in section 3 of this ordinance, No. 374, animal manure in any quantity, which is not kept securely in a fly-tight box. and SEC. 6. Any person, firm, or corporation, as principal, agent, or employee, who or which shall violate any provision of this ordinance shall be guilty of a misdemeanor upon conviction thereof shall be punished by a fine not exceeding $100 or by im. prisonment in the city jail for a period not exceeding 30 days, or by both such fine and imprisonment; and every judgment or fine for violation of any provision of this ordinance shall direct that in default of the payment of such fine or any part thereof the person shall be imprisoned in the city jail of the city of Pomona until the fine is satisfied in the proportion of one day's imprisonment for every $2 of such fine remaining unpaid. Each such person, firm, or corporation, as principal, agent, or employee, shall be deemed guilty of a separate offense for every day during any portion of which any violation of any provision of this ordinance is committed, continued, or permitted by such person, firm, or corporation, and shall be punishable therefor as provided by this ordi nance. SEC. 7. That the maintaining of any of the nuisances defined herein in a manner contrary to the provisions of this ordinance is a menace to the health of the citizens of the city of Pomona, and therefore this ordinance is urgently required for the immediate preservation of the public peace, health, and safety. SEC. 8. Ordinance No. 190 and all ordinances and parts of ordinances in conflict with this ordinance are hereby repealed. SEC. 9. The city clerk shall certify to the passage of this ordinance and shall cause the same to be published once in the Pomona Morning Times, and thereupon and there after it shall take effect and be in force. 137 ADDITIONAL COPIES of this publication may be procured from the SUPERINTEND- VOL. XXVIII. SEPTEMBER 12, 1913. No. 37. TRACHOMA. ITS PREVALENCE AND CONTROL IN THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS OF CEBU. BY LOUIS SCHWARTZ, Assistant Surgeon, United States Public Health Service. The city of Cebu is the second largest city of the Philippine Islands. The population (about 60,000) is composed almost entirely of natives, the whites numbering less than 300. Diseases of the eyes are very prevalent among the natives. They have been treated heretofore by the native physicians and with homemade remedies. No systematic examination of the school children for diseases of the eye had been made previous to the one which forms the subject of this report. Upon the suggestion of the author, and with the assistance of the district health officer, an examination of the public-school children for trachoma was begun. The teachers were notified of the day and hour the examination was to be made, and they had the children in line and ready when we arrived at the different schools. The lids of both eyes of every pupil were everted and the retrotarsal fold was exposed. The cases presenting marked granulations on the conjunctiva of either the upper or lower lids were set aside, the names of the pupils taken, and the cases diagnosed as trachoma. Cases presenting a few discrete follicles with no injection of the conjunctiva, clear and distinct blood vessels, and no discharge were called suspicious, but not included in the diagnoses of trachoma. There were found, among 2,461 pupils examined, 318 cases of trachoma, or about 13 per cent. While the number of males and females examined were about the same, there were found 231 cases among the males and only 81 cases among the females, a ratio of nearly 3 males to 1 female. Why this should be so it is difficult to say. There is no reason to believe that the conjunctiva of the female is more resistant to infection with trachoma than that of the male. It may be that in the games played by the boys, such as tag and wrestling, they come into more intimate contact with each other than the girls do in their games, and thus are more exposed to infection. The disease was found among pupils of all ages. Among the males those between the ages of 8 and 18 years furnished the greatest number of cases; among the females those between 10 years and 14 years. This may be accounted for by the great excess of pupils of these ages over pupils of other ages in the schools. The pupils in the schools of the poorer districts of the city were found to have a larger percentage infected with trachoma than those in the better residential parts of the city. In one school in a poor section 20 per cent of the pupils were infected, while in the high school, which is attended mostly by pupils of the better class, only 5 per cent were found to have trachoma. This tends to prove that trachoma is a disease of the poor and of those living under crowded and insanitary conditions. The greater proportion of the cases found were of the chronic benign type, in which the granulations are confined mostly to the retrotarsal fold of the upper lid and in which the subjective symp toms are absent or consist merely of a little discharge and irritation. In many cases the lower lid was free from granulations, but the retrotarsal fold contained many, emphasizing the fact that in examining for trachoma, it is necessary to evert the lid entirely and expose the retrotarsal fold. Incipient pannus was very frequently observed even in these rather mild cases. Acute cases were rare. In the whole series only 10 were found. These were all attended by photophobia, purulent discharge, cloudy cornea, and impaired vision. Three of these 10 had in addition large pannus and macerated cornea. These cases are likely foci of infection on account of the profuse discharge. Aided by the distrit health officer the author undertook to treat these cases. Accordingly, two mornings a week from 9.30 to 10.30 were set aside in the local hospital as clinic hours. As it was impossible to treat all the cases at once, the names of only 20 patients were sent to the principal of the schools with the request that they be sent the first day. A book was kept in which every case had a page. The name, age, sex, description of eyes, and the treatment |