• VI. It takes off fever in fome inftances. VII. It ftops immoderate excretions. VIII. It fometimes promotes [weat.

IX. It frequently keeps the body open, and fometimes evèn purges.

X. It often does not fenfibly affect any fecretion or excretion.

• XI. It immediately procures better nights in the kinkcough. XII. It immediately abates the vomiting, and generally carries it off in a few days.

XIII. The phlegm is daily diminished during the use of this medicine; for less and lefs is thrown up while the vomiting continues.

< XIV. The kink daily abates in force and frequency, and is generally removed, together with all its concomitant fymp toms, except a flight cough, in the fpace of a week: and this is often the cafe, even in fome inftances of complication with other diseases; as dentition, or worms.

• XV. Thus hemlock is a fpecifick in the kinkcough according to the most proper interpretation of that word; for it acts on all the symptoms at once, or rather on the proximate caufe: and fo by diminishing the irritation, all the fymptoms muft of courfe diminish in the fame proportion, till at length they are entirely removed, that is, till the difeafe is cured.

XVI. Hemlock is not only a fuccessful and expeditious cure for the kinkcough, but it is a medicine that can always be administered; for we cannot fuppofe an instance where the most froward child will refufe it, as it can be difguifed in fo many fhapes, on account of the fmallness of the quantity requifite, as well as the mildnefs of its fenfible qualities.

• XVII. Finally, hemlock cures the kinkcough fafely, certainly, expeditioufly, and pleafantly: which are all the requifites of the moft defirable and complete cure.'

Dr. Butter's general manner of exhibiting the hemlock, was as follows: Take of fpring water, two ounces and a half; fyrup of pale_rofes, half an ounce; hemlock-pill, one grain: mix them.' This mixture was taken at several dofes, fo as to be finished in the 24 hours: and the quantity of hemlock was gradually increased from one grain to ten or twelve grains, according to the age of the patient, or the effects of the medicine. But for these and other particulars, we must refer our Readers to the treatise itself.

D.

Art.

ART. XI. A Defcription of the Human Eye, and its adjacent Parts; together with their principal Difeafes, and the Methods propofed for relieving them. By Jofeph Warner, F. R. S. and Senior Surgeon to Guy's Hofpital. 8vo. 2s. 6d. fewed. Davis. 1773.

'T

HE following treatise, fays Mr. Warner, is intended for the information and improvement of thofe young gentlemen in the profeffions of phyfic and furgery, whofe ages and employments have not yet furnished them with fufficient opportunities of acquiring fuch a degree of knowledge, as long experience in private practice, and the advantages of many years attendance upon an hofpital, are capable of affording."

This defcription of the eye, we apprehend, is drawn up in fuch a manner, as to fulfil the Author's intention: the anatomical parts, and the defcriptions of the difeafes, are clear and concife; and the means of relief well adapted to the respective complaints.

As a fpecimen of the work, we shall give our Readers Mr. Warner's account of the Glandula Ciliares and their diseases. GLANDULE CILIARES,

⚫ Otherwife called Glandulæ Sebacea Meibomii, together with their orifices termed Puncta Ciliaria, are fituated in regular rows, parallel with the borders or internal edges of the palpebræ, formed by the tarfi. The tarfi are thin cartilages, compofing the greatest portion of the edge of each eye-lidhich, from their texture and fituation, feem defigned by nature to keep the edges of the eyelids properly smooth, and uniformly extended. by this wife contrivance the ciliary glands, with their refpeétive orifices, or excretory ducts, are preferved at equal and proper diftances from each other; and the latter are kept open, to admit of the oily fluid being dif charged occafionally through them. The ciliary glands are often attacked with inflammation, enlargement, pain, and impofthuma tion, arifing in different fubjects from very different caufes. Sometimes these effects are produced from common colds, attended with confiderable inflammations of the tunica conjunctiva. Under these circumstances the complaint gives way to bieeding, purging, and a temporary confinement from the air and light; aflitted by emollient fomentations; fuch as warm cow's milk, or milk mixed with warm foft water, warm barley water, warm water-grael, or warm water alone, or to the fteams of either of thefe directed to the part, and repeated feveral times a day, as may be found neceffary. Sometimes emollient cataplafms applied warm to the eye-lids, and occafionally repeated, joined with purging phyfick administered at proper intervals of time, will be found expedient. By-this treatment the parts become foftened, and relaxed; the ciliary puncta are enlarged, and a difcharge iffues through them refembling matter; which difcharge Thould be encouraged till the turgidnefs of the eye-lids is removed: then, and not before, if at all neceffary, aftringent wafhes, and ointments, may with propriety be used to the eye-lids and conjunctive coat; or it may without rifque be fometimes left to the course of na

ture

ture alone, whofe efforts we shall often find, in these and many other inftances, to answer the purpose most effectually. But as thefe glands are often difeafed from venereal causes, fcrophulous caufes, or fuch as are generally, though perhaps improperly, denominated, fcorbutic habits of body, we fhall find that the fimple methods alone which are above prescribed, will prove ineffectual; unless affifted by proper regimen in diet, joined with alteratives of different kinds, adapted to the nature of the difeafe; to wit, Mercurius Dulcis Merc. Calcin. Pil. Plum. the Extractum Cicutæ, alkaline absorbents, decoctions of the woods prepared in lime water, or common water, decoctions of the Peruvian bark, prepared in the like manner as we have recommended for the woods, or the Peruvian bark in fubftance. Two kinds of preparations of the woods are ordered in the London Difpenfatory, under the appellations of Aqua Calcis magis compofita, and Aqua Calcis minus compofita; the efficacy of which may be fometimes affifted by proper dofes of the Vinum Antimoniale, as occafion may require; obferving at all times to prevent coftiveness; and, if neceffary, to divert the humour from the eyes, by blifters ap plied to the neck, head, or betwixt the fhoulders, which act not only as ftimulant and evacuants, but as alteratives, by the falts of the Cantharides being copiously abforbed into the circulation, and speedily mixing with the mafs of blood, by means of the abforbent or inhaling veffels of the cutis. Iffues alfo are advifeable, made by incifion, or cauftic.'

This gentleman is likewife author of a volume of Cafes in Surgery, which was mentioned with respect, in our Review, vol. xi. p. 157.

D.

ART. XII. Account of Leland's Hiftory of Ireland, concluded.

WE

E are now come to a very bufy and important period of the Irish history; a period peculiarly interefting to Englishmen, on account of its intimate connection with the affairs of Great Britain, and the influence it had upon them. From the feveral objects which here prefent themselves, we fhall felect fome of thofe that may be deemed worthy of being particularly distinguished.

Of thefe, the firft we shall notice, is the administration of Lord Wentworth, afterwards Earl of Strafford. It is well known that the conduct of this celebrated statesman, in Ireland, formed a principal part of his political life; and furnished many of the articles on which his impeachment was grounded. He affumed his government with a mind and affection fixed on one fingle object, the immediate intereft of his royal mafter and happily the fervice of the crown obliged him to study the im provement of the realm. He had heard of the turbulence and diforders of this country; and hence inferred the neceffity of that fevere and rigorous adminiftration which fuited his own aufterity and arrogance. Ireland he regarded as a conquered

kingdom

kingdom in the strictest fenfe. He avowed and defended the opinion, under all the térrors of impeachment, when it was charged against him as a traitorous principle; and from this crude conception he deduced a confequence at once ridiculous and deteftable, that the fubjects of this country, without dif tinction, had forfeited the rights of men and citizens; and for whatever they were permitted to enjoy, depended folely on the royal grace.

The conduct of Lord Wentworth was fuitable to thefe fentiments and difpofitions. His arbitrary fpirit appeared in almoft every measure purfued by him, whether the measure in itself. was right or wrong. He treated the most diftinguished of the Irish fubjects with a contempt and infolence scarcely to be paralleled; and all who were not readily difpofed to comply with the greatest stretches of the prerogative, were held by him in the utmoft deteftation.

Lord Wentworth, at the moment of his inauguration, difgufted thofe he was to manage, by an incident, fays Dr. Leland, not wor thy to be noted, but that incidents apparently trifling ferve to difcover men's tempers and difpofitions. When he had vifited the late Lords Juftices, with an affected attention, which the proudeft are the moft ready to thew to their immediate inferiors; and had been formally invested with his office, he fummoned a council; but agreeably to the ufage of that court, in which he had been trained to bufinefs, but which was utterly unknown in Ireland, he fummoned only a particular number, to the utter mortification of thofe who were omitted. And thofe who were collected, among whom were the late Juftices, he was fo careless or fo infolent, as to offend by a wanton indignity. They affembled at the hour appointed; but the Deputy, either from an affectation of ftate, or from a more agreeable engagement with a Lady, whom he met in Dublin, and had just declared to be his wife, neglected them for fome hours; and when he at length appeared, inflead of conferring on the bufinefs for which they had been fummoned, only charged the judges to reprefent in their circuits the favour which the King offered to fuch as would repair their defective grants; and to fatisfy the Proteftants with regard to the new impofition for maintainance of the army, as a charge neceffary in itself, and intended chiefly for their defence. Thus, with an air of careless infolence, he difmiffed the council, declaring that they should be again fpeedily convened, to deliver their opinions on the means of fapplying the King's immediate neceflities.'

Both the excellencies and demerits of Lord Wentworth's government are placed, by our ingenious hiftorian, in a clear and ftriking light. It must be acknowledged that the measures of this nobleman were, in feveral refpects, wife and falutary, and that they have greatly contributed to the prefent affluence and profperity of Ireland. This has been especially the cafe, with regard to the beginning and encouragement which he gave to the establishment of the linen manufactory. Nevertheless, his REV. Jan. 1774. private

E

private oppreffions were fo enormous, and his public conduct fo arbitrary, illegal, and unconftitutional, that Dr. Leland appears to us to have carried his candour to an excefs, in the following difplay of the merits of the Lord Deputy's administration :

vernment.

But however individuals were aggrieved by the imperious feverity of the prefent government, the nation, which had never known a ftrict and fcrupulous administration of English law, cleared from every thing arbitrary or oppreffive, was abundantly confoled by the advantages derived from the adminiftration of Lord. Wentworth. The army, which had long proved an odious and intolerable burden to the inhabitants, yet fcarcely of effential fervice to the crown, was well difciplined, duely paid, preferved in good condition, innoffenfive to the peaceable fubjects, and formidable to the enemies of goThe revenue was unencumbered, and a large fum lay ready in the exchequer, to answer any fudden emergency. The ecclefiaftical establishment was protected, the revenues of the church improved, and abler and more refpectable teachers generally provided for the people. The Scottish puritans were indeed fometimes offended at the indulgence fhewn to recufants; but in the prefent fituation of the kingdom, where far the greater number of inhabitants, and thofe poffeffed of power and confequence, were of the Romish communion, the most obvious maxims of policy forbad any rigorous execution of penal ftatutes. It was fufficient to confine recufants to a lefs public and offenfive exercife of religion, so as to preferve the authority of government, without provoking violent and dangerous difcontents. Peace, order, obedience, and industry, diftinguished the prefent period from that of any former adminiftration; the value of lands was encreased; commerce extended; the customs amounted to almoft four times their former fum; the commodities exported from Ireland were twice as much in value as the foreign merchandize imported; and fhipping was found to have increased even an hundred fold. Such were the benefits derived from the adminiftration of Lord Wentworth, however in many inftances juftly unpopular, odious, and oppreffive.'

Another object, too important in every view to be paffed over unnoticed, is the Irish rebellion of 1641. The caufes and circumftances that led to this dreadful event, and the views of the feveral parties concerned in it, are well explained by our Author, whofe account of the powerful operation of religious principles and prepoffeffions we fhall lay before our Readers.

Far the greater number of inhabitants were obftinately devoted to Popery, provoked and mortified by the penal ftatutes of Elizabeth, and impatient of the odious difqualifications impofed upon them. Thefe ftatutes indeed had not been generally enforced in their full rigour. Sometimes, however, the infolence of popish ecclefiaftics provoked the execution of them; fometimes the terror of them was ufed as a political engine to extort conceffions from the Popish party; and in either cafe, there was pretence fufficient for exciting popular clamour. The Romish clergy had that influence even over the gentry of their communion, with which they are invefted by the tenets of their religion; the ignorant herd of Papifts they governed at theie

pleafure.