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AB: P-AC +

P-BC: Rq: Tq.

hence C is known. (5.)
Otherwise.

C, and

Let AD be perpendicular to BC. 1. If ABq be less than ACq+CBq. Fig. 16. BC: BA+AC :: BA-AC : BD-DC, and BC the sum of BD, DC is given; therefore each of them is given. (7.)

2. If ABq be greater than ACq+CBq. Fig. 17. BC | BA+AC:: BA-AC: BD +DC; and BC the difference of BD, DC is given, therefore each of them is given. (7.)

And CA CD: R: Co S, C. (1.) and C being found, A and B are found by case 2. or 3.

SPHERICAL TRIGONOMETRY.

DEFINITIONS.

I.

THE pole of a circle of the sphere is a point in the superficies of the sphere, from which all straight lines drawn to the circumference of the circle are equal.

II.

A great circle of the sphere is any whose plane passes through the centre of the sphere, and whose centre therefore is the same with that of the sphere.

III.

A spherical triangle is a figure upon the superficies of a sphere comprehended by three arches of three great circles, each of which is less than a semicircle.

IV.

A spherical angle is that which on the superficies of a sphere is contained by two arches of great circles, and is the same with the inclination of the planes of these great circles.

PROP. I.

GREAT circles bisect one another.

As they have a common centre, their common section will be a diameter of each which will bisect them.

PROP. II. FIG. 1.

THE arch of a great circle betwixt the pole and the circumference of another is a quadrant.

Let ABC be a great circle, and D its pole; if a great circle DC pass through D, and meet ABC in C, the arch DC will be a quadrant.

Let the great circle CD meet. ABC again in A, and let AC be the common section of the great circles which will pass

through E the centre of the sphere: join DE, DA, DC: by def. 1. DA, DC are equal, and AE, EC are also equal, and DE is common; therefore (8. 1.) the angles DEA, DEC are equal; wherefore the arches DA, DC are equal, and consequently each of them is a quadrant. Q. E. D.

PROP. III. FIG. 2.

Ir a great circle be described meeting two great circles AB, AC passing through its pole A in B, C, the angles at the centre of the sphere upon the circumference BC, is the same with the spherical angle BAC, and the arch BC is called the measure of the spherical angle BAC.

Let the planes of the great circles AB, AC intersect one another in the straight line AD passing through D their common centre; join DB, DC.

Since A is the pole of BC, AB, AC will be quadrants, and the angles ADB, ADC right angles; therefore (6. def. 11.), the angle CDB is the inclination of the planes of the circles AB, AC: that is, (def. 4.) the spherical angle BAC. Q. E. D.

COR. If through the point A, two quadrants AB, AC be drawn, the point A will be the pole of the great circle BC, passing through their extremities B, C.

Join AC, and draw AE a straight line to any other point E in BC; join DE: since AC, AB are quadrants, the angles ADB, ADC are right angles, and AD will be perpendicular to the plane of BC: therefore the angle ADE is a right angle, and AD, DC are equal to AD, DE, each to each; therefore AE, AC are equal, and A is the pole of BC, by def. 1. Q. E. D.

PROP. IV. FIG. 3.

IN isosceles spherical triangles, the angles at the base are equal.

Let ABC be an isosceles triangle, and AC, CB the equal sides; the angles BAC, ABC, at the base AC, are equal.

Let D be the centre of the sphere, and join DA, DB, DC; in DA take any point E, from which draw, in the plane ADC, the straight line EF at right angles to ED, meeting CD

in F, and draw, in the plane ADB, EG at right angles to the same ED; therefore the rectilineal figure FEG is (6. def. 11.) the inclination of the planes ADC, ADB, and therefore is the same with the spherical angle BAC : from F draw FH perpendicular to DB, and from H draw, in the plane ADB, the straight line HG at right angles to HD, meeting EG in G, and join GF. Because DE is at right angles to EF and EG, it is perpendicular to the plane FEG (4. 11.), and therefore the plane FEG, is perpendicular to the plane ADB, in which DE is (18. 11.): in the same manner the plane FHG is perpendicular to the plane ADB, and therefore GF the common section of the planes FEG, FHG, is perpendicular to the plane ADB (19. 11.); and because the angle FHG is the inclination of the planes BDC, BDA, it is the same with the spherical angle ABC; and the sides AC, CB of the spherical triangle being equal, the angles EDF, HDF, which stand upon them at the centre of the sphere, are equal; and in the triangles EDF, HDF, the side DF is common, and the angles DEF, DHF are right angles; therefore EF, FH are equal, and in the triangles FEG, FHG the side GF is common, and the sides EG, CH will be equal by the 47. 1. and therefore the angle FEG is equal to FHG (S. 1.); that is, the spherical angle BAC is equal to the spherical angle ABC.

PROP. V. FIG. 3.

IF, in a spherical triangle ABC, two of the angles BAC, ABC, be equal, the sides BC, AC, opposite to them, are equal.

Read the construction and demonstration of the preceding proposition, unto the words "and the sides AC, CB," &c. and the rest of the demonstration will be as follows, viz.

And the spherical angles BAC, ABC, being equal, the rectilineal angles FEG, FHG, which are the same with them, are equal; and in the triangles FGE, FGH the angles at G are right angles, and the side FG opposite to two of the equal angles is common; therefore (26. 1.) EF is equal to FH; and in the right angled triangles DEF, DHF the side DF is common; wherefore (47. 1.) ED is equal to DH, and the angles EDF, HDF, are therefore equal (4. 1.), and consequently the sides AC, BC of the spherical triangle are equal.

PROP. VI. FIG. 4.

ANY two sides of a spherical triangle are greater than the third.

Let ABC be a spherical triangle, any two sides AB, BC will be greater than the other side AC.

Let D be the centre of the sphere; join DA, DB, DC.

The solid angle at D, is contained by three plane angles ADB, ADC, BDC; and, by 20. 11. any two of them ADB, BDC are greater than the third ADC; that is, any two sides AB, BC of the spherical triangle ABC, are greater than the third AC.

PROP. VII. FIG. 4.

THE three sides of a spherical triangle are less than a circle.

Let ABC be a spherical triangle as before, the three sides AB, BC, AC, are less than a circle.

Let D be the centre of the sphere: the solid angle at D is contained by three plane angles BDA, BDC, ADC, which together are less than four right angles (21. 11.); therefore the sides AB, BC, AC together, will be less than four quadrants; that is, less than a circle.

PROP. VIII. FIG. 5.

In a spherical triangle the greater angle is opposite to the greater side; and conversely.

Let ABC be a spherical triangle, the greater angle A is opposed to the greater side BC.

Let the angle BAD be made equal to the angle B, and then BD, DA will be equal, (5. of this,) and therefore AD, DC are equal to BC, but AD, DC, are greater than AC, (6. of this), therefore BC is greater than AC, that is, the greater angle A is opposite to the greater side BC. The converse is demonstrated as prop. 19. 1. El. Q. E. D.

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