destroyed to make room for those of later styles; probably for the purpose of introducing the painted glass of those periods, which did not suit well with the early win

head, the ear

Sutton Courtney, Berkshire, c. 1170.

liest germ of tracery; the character of the shaft,

with its capital and base, shews this to be very

late Norman.

The fine circular windows with

wheel-like divisions, belong to this period. Bar

freston in Kent, is a fine example; there was usu

this kind of window, which in the later styles becomes the magnificent rose window, so often the glory of the French churches.

THE PIERS in the earlier period are either square solid masses of masonry, or recessed at the angles, in the same manner as the arches, or they are plain round massive pillars, with frequently only an impost of very simple character, but often with capitals. The round pillars are sometimes ornamented with a kind of fluting, as in the crypt at Canterbury, (p. 49,) and at Durham, sometimes with a rude and shallow zigzag pattern, as at Waltham abbey. In the later period the pillars are in general not so massive as in the early part of the

style, and are frequently ornamented with small

shafts, and these as well

as the pillars are sometimes banded.

THE ARCHES are generally round-headed, in early work they are plain and square edged, with or without a recess at the angle, sometimes doubly recessed, and still square edged, sometimes moulded with plain round mouldings. In the later period they are more richly moulded than in the early part of the style, the chancelarch especially is very

much enriched, the western side, facing the spec

tator when looking towards the altar, is generally

much more ornamented than the eastern side. The

chancel-arch at

Iffley is one of

the richest and best examples:

where there is a

central tower, as in that instance, both the towerarches across the church are usually ornamented

in the same manner, the sidearches, where

there are tran

septs, are fre

quently much

plainer, and of

ten pointed. A

Lindisfarne Priory, Durham, A D. 1094.

few Norman arches are of the horse-shoe form, but the drawing-in at the imposts is generally slight,