It provides mainly for the furnishing of information as to the type of work or machine operation that employers will give the crippled men on their return from the war and the number of such positions available. There is provision made for remarks. I feel that when we send this questionnaire out, we shall receive many, many questions that we shall have to answer in return, and we shall endeavor to do this to the best of our ability.

In addition to this large questionnaire, we are going to send you another small one. The small questionnaire states: "The purpose of this questionnaire is to ascertain the positions now held by disabled men in the State of Pennsylvania. This study will aid the United States Government in its plans for training the soldiers disabled in war service. Kindly fill in answers for every diseased or crippled man working for you." The questions are "Nature of Disability; Sex; Age When Disabled; Present Age; Previous Occupation; Present Occupation; Degree of Success; Weekly Wage; Education Previous to Injury; Special Education or Training for Present Work; Artificial Appliances Used; Remarks as to Success or other Interesting Facts." This questionnaire, we feel, is a very vital and important one, which should be sent back to us as fully filled out as possible, because it is partly through this questionnaire that we are going to be in a position to aid the United States Government in arranging its system for the education of the disabled soldier upon his return. We can then, with your assistance in returning to know just what kinds and classes of men you can

us this questionnaire filled out, take care of.

I remember very well when I was a little fellow that it was a common sight to see injured men working. Then the immigration to America became so great that the employer became just a little bit choicy as to what kind of men he took because of the vast number of men for each position. Later on, in years, it became apparent that the man who was minus one arm or one leg was an unworkable man. That is not true. We have had a great deal of experience already in the placement of these disabled persons. Through the kind work of the ladies of the Emergency Aid, of which your worthy Chairman here today was one of the committee, they placed in our Philadelphia office a man whose work was simply that of finding employment for these disabled people. It is not a piece of charity work either because the crippled fellow who wants a job, does not want charity and you would be surprised at the number of these good fellows that we put to work, how well they do their work, how independent they feel. Here is a class of people that once you put into positions appreciate this one point, "If I lose this job where am I going to get another?" Now you or I who are sound,-if we lose one job we have an cpportunity of going and getting another; but there is the cripple who cannot shift back and forth so well, but you have in him a man who appreciates his position and a man who will bring out the maximum work of the maachine in whatever position you put him. It will be a wonderful aid to us if you will kindly fill out these questionnaires fully. I know that it is going to be some work, but at the same time we feel, and we know that you feel, that the boys we are preparing to aid deserve all we can do. I thank you.

CHAIRMAN ROBINS: Dr. Otto P. Geier, Cincinnati Milling Machine Company, Cincinnati, Ohio, is present and will continue the discussion.

DR. GEIER: Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: Before saying a word about Major Mock's paper I want to say for the five or six industrial surgeons who came from Ohio to this conference yesterday that we received a great inspiration from that meeting. I cannot help but congratulate you in Pennsylvania on this magnificent work that you are doing, and congratulate you on the leadership that you have here in Pennsylvania for the efficiency and welfare program. We sometimes

feel rather smug in Ohio about some things but I want to tell you even though we nearly went dry, except by eleven hundred votes, we have a great deal to learn from Pennsylvania. We are in the habit of thinking of Pennsylvania as a very badly political-ridden state and there are rumors even of some curious things having been done in the building of this very wonderful structure, but if mistakes were made back in those times in Pennsylvania I think Pennsylvania is living them down very wonderfully as exhibited today in this meeting, because these are meetings that spell wonderful things for the future as I see them.

Speaking of rehabilitation, I have seen considerable rehabilitation take place in Major Mock since he is on the job in Washington. He has become so enthused with his ideals of reconstruction and rehabilitation that he eats and sleeps with them and they have really made a remarkable change in his character. I personally believe that, we, as social workers, as doctors, as safety men, as men in industry, as employers, as managers, can actually welcome this rehabilitation program because it promises to bring something into our lives that we need very badly. In consideration of the maimed and injured in war I believe we can look forward to an entirely different social point of view in all of us. I can actually hope that much of the misunderstandings, the bickerings, the hard feelings that exist between the employer and employe may largely disappear through the consideration of these big social problems which we must meet and will meet after the war and will meet during the war for that matter. Doctors have been misunderstood, industrial surgeons have been misunderstood by laboring men, employers have been misunderstood by laboring men, the doctors have been misunderstood by employers, and all because we have not had sufficient points of contact by which we all knew just how honorable the other is. And so, personally, I believe that out of this very program that has been presented to us this afternoon-and it does present in no uncertain way the horrors of war-there may come possibly a consideration of the human element in each of us to a degree that will make for much good.

I believe that it is the business of all of us to study this rehabilitation program very carefully and to take a more definite part in it. A good many of us as doctors, as employment men, as individuals, have rather scoffed at the social worker; we shrugged our shoulders a little bit; we thought that simply soft stuff. Now, as a matter of fact, the war is going to make social workers out of us all and when our soldiers come back from the front and it becomes our business to fit them for industry we will be called upon for a great deal of intelligence that the social worker has been trying to give his work right along, and I, for one, am glad to see that this Government is not lagging behind but looking forward with its rehabilitation program. And it needs to have the co-operation of such groups as this to make this piece of work stand out among all nations.

CHAIRMAN ROBINS: The subjects of discussion this afternoon are of the most vital importance and it is advisable that both Dr. Hamilton's subject, "The Possibilities and Limitations of the Employment of Women in Iudustry," and also this vital question of the rehabilitation of the soldiers' should be placed before us from many angles. The subject is open for discussion. Does any one want to ask a question of Dr. Hamilton on the subject of women in new industries which they are taking up? She has given us the subject of lead poisoning and of the turnover of women in industries. They are both enormously important at the present time and I am sure some of you have very strong feelings on the subject of women in the new activities in which they are going to take part.

T. H. CARROW, Safety Inspector, Insurance Department, P. R. R. Co., Philadelphia, Pa. I would like to ask the Doctor a question. I gather from what you said that you anticipate that danger might arise from placing women in industries, due to hard work and overwork.

DR HAMILTON: I suppose that the exercise of new muscles and the making of fresh fibre will have the same effect that athletics will have. A girl who is strong will be made stronger by athletic work and the girl who has very little strength, no extra strength to call upon, will not be made stronger by athletic work. That is why in our gymnasiums and institutes of learning we have girls examined before they do athletic work. That is true, I suppose, of men too. If the girls who enter industry are given hard work, work that is not too hard, they will grow stronger. If given work too hard for them, they will be less strong than when they went into it. That is the answer to it. That goes back to what I said, that the work of the industrial physician is going to be very necessary in the employment of women in new occupations. You will have to have a medical person checking up on your women in employment.

CHAIRMAN ROBINS: Is there any further discussion?

DR. BOLTON, Temple University, Philadelphia, Pa. I would like to inquire of Dr. Hamilton what sort of test the physician can use and what tests have been used to show that night work is harder on women than on Len and that long hours seem to weigh more heavily upon the women than they do upon men? I am engaged in the business of testing people and I would be very glad to have those tests, if such there are, offered here for consideration by the delegates to this association.

DR. HAMILTON: What I had in mind was the experience of the older countries in which night work for women has been so much more extensive than here and in which they have gathered statistics as to sickness and absence from work on acount of sickness, as we have not over here. It is because of that as I rememberand you can find it all in Joseph Goldmark's Work entitled "Fatigue and Efficiency." It was because of the statistics of sickness among men and women employes that the decision was arrived at that night work is too hard for women and that long hours are harder for women than men. That is all I can tell you. I do not know of any tests that we can apply.

Sidney J. Ashe, General Electric Company, Pittsfield, Mass.

A good deal has been said about the reaction from putting women to many tasks. I think we ought to emphasize in a way a little of the advantages which you might get from such a thing. For instance, we are all very much interested in the safety movement and we made some very interesting studies to find out what the relative tendencies were for accidents to men and women on the same kind of tasks and we found that the average man gets hurt three times as frequently as the average woman, due to the fact that the women are naturally quicker than men and they are a lot more careful than men are. I think you will find that there are undoubtedly other industries in which the experience has been similar to ours. For instance, at Pittsfield, we have 7,200 employes, and 1,200 of these employes are women, and these tests I have in mind were made on the same sort of tasks, that is, both the women and men were engaged in the same occupations, winding small transformers and winding small motors; and I think that there are undoubtedly other experiences that could be mentioned along the same lines. We are thinking of ways to reduce accidents and yet here in the mere matter of employing women you reduce your accident ratio to a great extent, simply due to the natural alertness and quickness characteristic of the women.

CHAIRMAN ROBINS: Will some one else ask a question or give further experience?

Dr. Patterson asked if there was any discussion of Major Mock's paper on the rehabilitation of soldiers. Will you not give whatever assistance you can to us on the question of the rehabilitation of soldiers? Has any one any suggestion to make from their previous experiences on the employment of crippled men which will give any light on this subject of the future of the men coming back in the very pathetic condition which we all will deplore when it happens?

I may say from personal experience with regard to handicaps in Philadelphia that many of these men have already been in factories and are good employes, due to the fact that the men keep their jobs and are more reliable. It means that the man who has had an accident in a factory is full of experience, he is a skilled employe and he has as good a head and as good a will after the accident as before and for that reason when he gets back in the factory he does not go in as an incompetent or inexperienced man.

DR. PATTERSON: Mr. Chairman, I should like to state that the Department of Labor and Industry welcomes correspondence from all the manufacturers of this state upon the subject of the placement of handicaps. We are prepared and shall send out-the Bureau of Employment and the Division of Industrial Hygiene, together—this questionnaire to all of the many thousands of persons whose names are on our mailing list. We urge upon the manufacturers if there is anything about this questionnaire that they do not understand, not to hesitate to write to the Department for further information.

It has been estimated by competent authorities that if this war goes on, as there seems every prospect of its doing, that we shall have the necessity in this country of taking care of five hundred thousand cripples in some way or other at the conclusion of the war. It is only fair that those men shall be given the opportunity to earn a livelihood in industrial work and this Department is going to leave no stone unturned to try to place these men in industries where they may do a fair day's work for their employer and earn a livelihood for themselves and their families. We are prepared to place at your disposal the record of what other industries in this state have been able to do in the placing of these handicaps. If you will write to us we will tell you in what kind of positions in industry these men are now employed and they are all making good. Simply as a sample, it has been found that in certain occupations where there is a tremendous amount of noise connected with the operation, as for instance, in the manufacturing of boilers, in the operation of loading the bursting charge into the base of the shrapnel shell by means of a jolting machine, in other industries where jolting machines are used, that the man who is totally deaf can go into that occupation and become a much more efficient worker than the man who works in a similar occupation with good hearing. I simply cite that as one of a number of instances which we have at our disposal and which we are prepared to place in the hands of all manufacturers of this state, so that possibly we may be able, in a measure, to indicate to you where in your particular industry the man who is handicapped will prove a most efficient workman.

The State of Pennsylvania, as our Governor said this morning, is in the very forefront of this fight to win freedom for the world and I know, from a knowledge of many years of dealings with the manufacturers and labor leaders of this Commonwealth, that after this war is over they are going to keep on and do their bit in seeing that the boys who come home maimed and crippled have the chance to earn their livelihood.

CHAIRMAN ROBINS: I think we have had this afternoon an illustration of one of the great developments of the war, the meeting of the changed conditions, the suiting of the man to the job which is, after all, the secret of success in most employment.

We have now with us a woman who has done greater work for the saving of her own sex from misery and unfortunate conditions than any other woman in this country. I am only too glad to present to you Mrs. Florence Kelley, Secretary of the National Consumers' League, of New York City, who will address us on the subject of "The Problem of the Married Woman in Industry."

THE PROBLEM OF THE MARRIED WOMAN IN INDUSTRY.

By MRS. FLORENCE KELLEY, Secretary, National Consumers' League, New York City.

Chairman, ladies and gentlemen: I speak this afternoon in two capacities, as General Secretary of the National Consumers' League of which the Secretary of War has recently been elected for the third time to the office of President; and I also have the honor to serve as its Secretary to the Board of Control of Labor Standards for Army Clothing, created administratively by Secretary Baker. It is the duty of this Board to enforce the terms of the contract used by the Quartermaster General so far as regards the labor conditions under which army clothes are made. The Board is primarily to stabilize the manufacture of uniforms; that is its first task. It is to remove, as far as this can be done administratively, all causes of friction, all causes of strikes which may delay the clothing of the men in the trenches and camps, and on the ships. It is charged with the duty of fixing minimum wage rates, and enforcing the federal and state laws in regard to safety, sanitation, and hours of labor in the needle trades, so far as the Federal Government is, through its contractors, the indirect employer of labor in that one area of industry.

This Board was created after a month's private inquiry into homework in the City of New York in the manufacture of army coats, overcoats, and trousers, by a committee composed of the same persons, who later composed the Board. The creation of this Board followed the discovery by this committee that army clothing was being made in tenements where, for instance, a diphtheria sign of the