cations or prayers, in any language whatsoever, either by reading, publishing, posting, distributing, or causing to be read, published, posted and distributed, within the premises of the edifice set part for the ceremonies, or outside, a writing of which he shall be or any other shall be the author;

To wit: if, by the said writing or discourse, he has urged the re-establishment of monarchy in France, or the overthrow of the Republic, or the dissolution of the national representation;

Or if he has incited murder, or excited the defenders of the fatherland to desert their flags, or their fathers and mothers to recall them;

Or if he has reproached those who may wish to take arms for the maintenance of the Republican Constitution and the defence of liberty;

Or if he has summoned persons to cut down the trees consecrated to liberty, or has torn down or treated disrespectfully its symbols and colors;

Or, finally, if he has exhorted or encouraged any persons to treason or rebellion against the Government.

24. If, by writings, placards or discourses, a minister of worship seeks to mislead the citizens, in presenting to them as unjust or criminal the sales or acquisitions of national lands possessed formerly by the clergy or the Emigrés, he shall be condemned to a thousand livres fine and two years in prison; In addition, he shall be forbidden to continue his functions as a minister of worship.

If he infringes this prohibition, he shall be punished by ten years of imprisonment.

The Emigrés were an important factor in the Revolution. Their absence from France deprived Louis XVI of support which he needed; their intrigues abroad and their threats of vengeance did much to arouse the fears of all Frenchmen who sympathized with the Revolution. Document A, although much less virulent in tone than others, is a typical Emigré manifesto. Document B may be called an organic act, codifying earlier legislation against the Emigrés.

REFERENCES.

Stephens, French Revolution, II, 496-513; Aulard, Revolution Francaise, 361-362.

A. Declaration of the Regent of France. January 28, 1793. Moniteur, February 26, 1793 (Reimpression, XV, 545).

Louis-Stanislas-Xavier of France, son of France, uncle of the King, Regent of the kingdom, to all those to whom these presents shall come, greeting.

Filled with horror upon learning that the most criminal of men have just reached the climax of their numerous outrages by the greatest of crimes, we have first implored Heaven to obtain its assistance in surmounting the feelings of a profound grief and the impulses of our indignation, to the end that we may give ourselves up to the fulfilling of the duties which, under such grave circumstances, are the first in order of those which the immutable laws of the French Monarchy impose upon us.

Our very dear and honored brother and sovereign lord, King Louis, the sixteenth of that name, having died on the 21st of the present month of January, beneath the parricidal sword which the ferocious usurpers of the sovereign authority in France have raised against his august person,

We declare that the Dauphin Louis-Charles, born on the 27th day of March, 1785, is King of France and Navarre, under the name of Louis XVII, and that by right of birth, as well as by the provisions of the fundamental laws of the kingdom, we are and shall be Regent of France during the minority of the King, our nephew and lord.

Invested, in that capacity, with the exercise of the rights and powers of the sovereignty and of the higher ministry of royal justice, we undertake them, as we are required to do in the discharge of our obligations and duties, for the purpose of employing ourselves, with the aid of God and the assistance of good and loyal Frenchmen of all the orders of the kingdom and of the powers recognized as sovereign allies of the crown of France,

Ist. For the liberation of King Louis XVII, our nephew; 2d, of the Queen, his august mother and guardian; of the Princess Elizabeth, his aunt, our very dear sister, all kept in the most distressing captivity by the leaders of the factious; and at the same time for the re-establishment of the monarchy upon the unalterable bases of its constitution, the reformation of the abuses introduced in the system of public administra

tion, the re-establishment of the religion of our fathers in the purity of its worship and of the canonical discipline, the restoration of the magistracy for the maintenance of public order and the dispensing of justice, the restoration of Frenchmen of all orders in the exercise of legitimate rights and in the enjoyment of their invaded and usurped properties, the severe and exemplary punishment of crimes, the re-establishment of the authority of the laws, and of peace, and, finally, the fulfilling of the solemn engagements which we were pleased to take in conjunction with our very dear brother, Charles- Philippe of France, Count of Artois, with whom are united our very dear nephews, grandsons of France, Louis-Antoine, Duke of Angoulême, and Charles-Ferdinand, Duke of Berry, and our cousins of the royal blood, Louis-Joseph of Bourbon, Prince of Condé, Louis-Henry-Joseph of Bourbon, Duke of Bourbon, and Louis-Antoine-Henri of Bourbon, Duke of Enghein, by our resolutions addressed to the late king, our brother, September 11, 1791, and other acts emanating from us, declarations of our principles, feelings and wishes, in which acts we persist and shall constantly persist.

For these purposes, we command and order all Frenchmen and subjects of the King to obey the commands which they shall receive from us in the name of the King and the commands of our very dear brother Charles-Philippe of France, Count of Artois, whom we have appointed and designated Lieutenant General of the kingdom, when our said brother and Lieutenant General shall give orders in the name of the King and the Regent of France. Our present declaration shall be notified to whomsoever it shall concern and shall be published by all the officers of the King, military or magisterial, to whom we shall give commission and charge thereto, in order that the said declaration may have all the publicity which it shall be possible to give it in France at present, and until it may be addressed in the usual form to the courts of the kingdom, as soon as they shall have resumed the exercise of their jurisdictions in order to be there notified, published, registered and executed.

Given at Hamm, in Westphalia, under our signature and ordinary seal, of which we are making use for transactions of sovereignty until the seals of the kingdom, destroyed by the

factious, may have been re-established, and under the counter signature of the ministers of State, the marshals Broglie and Castries. This 28th of January, 1793, and of the reign of the King, the first.

B. Decree against the Emigrés. March 28, 1793. Duvergier, Lois, V, 218-228.

1. The Emigrés are forever banished from French territory; they are civilly dead; their estates are acquired by the Republic.

2. Infraction of the banishment pronounced by article 1 shall be punished by death.

6. Emigrés are:

Ist. Every Frenchman of either sex who, after having left the territory of the Republic since July 1, 1789, has not made proof of his return to France within the periods fixed by the decree of March 30-April 8, 1792. The said decree shall continue to be executed in that which has to do with the pecuniary penalties pronounced against those who shall have returned within the period which it has prescribed;

2d. Every Frenchman of either sex, absent from the place of his domicile, who shall not prove, in the form which is about to be prescribed, an uninterrupted residence in France since May 9, 1792;

3d. Every Frenchman of either sex who, although actually present, has been absent from the place of his domicile and shall not make proof of an uninterrupted residence in France since May 9, 1792;

4th. Those who shall leave the territory of the Republic without fulfilling the formalities prescribed by the decree;

5th. Every agent of the Government who, having been charged with a mission to foreign powers, may not return to France within three months from the day of notification of his recall;

6th. Every Frenchman of either sex who, during invasion made by foreign armies, has left non-invaded French territory in order to reside upon territory occupied by the enemy;

7th. Those who, although born in foreign countries, have

exercised the rights of citizens in France, or who, having a double domicile, to wit, one in France and the other in foreign countries, shall not make proof of an uninterrupted residence in France since May 9, 1792.

31. Declaration of War against Great Britain.

February 1, 1793. Duvergier, Lois, V, 134-135.

The great war begun by this declaration lasted until 1814, save for one interval of about fifteen months in 1802-3, being protracted for reasons very different from those which had originally caused it. From the document a tolerably complete list of the circumstances which the Convention regarded as justifying the war can be made out.

REFERENCES. Lecky, England in the Eighteenth Century, V, 45-135; Browning, Flight to Varennes and Other Essays, 170-201; Lavisse and Rambaud, Histoire Generale, VIII, 248-249; Sorel, L'Europe et la Revolution Francaise, III, 212-230, 240-245, 270280.

The National Convention, after having heard the report of its committee of general defence upon the conduct of the English government towards France;

Considering that the King of England has not ceased, especially since the revolution of August 10, 1792, to give to the French nation proofs of his malevolence and of his attachment to the coalition of the crowned heads;

That at that time he ordered his ambassador to withdraw from Paris, because he did not wish to recognize the provisional executive council created by the Legislative Assembly;

That the cabinet of Saint James discontinued at the same time its correspondence with the ambassador of France at London, under pretext of the suspension of the former king of the French;

That, since the opening of the National Convention, it has not been willing to resume its accustomed correspondence nor to recognize the powers of this Convention;

That it has refused to recognize the ambassador of the French Republic, although furnished with letters of credence in its name;