122 MAPS-MANUFACTURES, COMMITTEE ON, ETC. To be borne by of his office (the mace) shall be borne by the Sergeant Sergeant-at-arms when in execu- at-arms when in the execution of his office." tion of his office. Not to be printed without spe cial direction. When appointed, and number of. Duties of. Shall be on first Monday in December. President may call. First, shall be on 4th of March. At the first session. assemble. MAPS. "Maps accompanying documents shall not be printed under the general order to print, without the special direction of the House.”—Rule 139. (See ENGRAVING.) MANUFACTURES, COMMITTEE ON. There shall be appointed at the commencement of each Congress a Committee on Manufactures, to consist of nine members.-Rule 74. [There are no duties assigned to this committee by the rules.] MEETING OF CONGRESS. "The Congress shall assemble at least once in every year, and such meeting shall be on the first Monday in December, unless they shall by law appoint a different day."-Const., 1, 4, 8. "The President may, on extraordinary occasion, convene both houses, or either of them."-Ibid., 2, 3, 18. By the act of January 22, 1866, (Sess. Laws, pp. 7, 8,) it is provided that, in addition to the present regular times of meeting of Congress, there shall be a meeting of the 40th Congress, and of each succeeding Congress thereafter, at 12 o'clock m. on the 4th day of March, the day on which the term begins for which the Congress is elected, except that when the 4th of March occurs on Sunday, then the meeting shall take place at the same hour on the next succeeding day. [On the day fixed for the first meeting of a Congress, When members Viz, the 4th day of March, the members elect assemble in the hall of the House of Representatives, and at the Called to order hour of 12 o'clock m. are called to order by the Clerk of the last House, standing at his desk. Having requested the members elect to respond to their names as called, he proceeds to call the roll by States, beginning with the State of Maine. In making up said roll, he is directed by Clerk. Roll called. Who shall be placed on the roll. to place thereon the names of all persons claiming seats as representatives elect from States which were represented in the next preceding Congress, and of such persons only, and whose credentials show that they were regularly elected in accordance with the laws of their States respectively, or the laws of the United States.(Laws 2d Sess. 39th Cong., Sess. Laws, p. 28.) Having ascertained whether or not a quorum is present, he an- Quorum present. nounces the fact to the House. If a quorum shall have answered, it is then usual for some member to move "that the House do now proceed to the election of a Speaker viva voce." The question on this motion having Election of Speaker. been put by the Clerk, and decided affirmatively, he then designates four members who shall act as tellers of the Tellers. vote about to be taken, usually making his selection from members of different parties. The tellers having Speaker. Announcement of vote. When no elected. one taken their seats at the Clerk's desk, and nominations Nominations. having been made and recorded, the Clerk then proceeds to call the roll of members alphabetically, each member, as his name is called, pronouncing audibly the voting for name of the person voted for, and the Clerk (through one of his assistants) recording the name of the member voting in a column under that of the member voted for. After the roll-call is completed, and every member present (and desiring it) has voted, the lists of voters for each candidate are read over by the Clerk, when one of the tellers rises and announces to the House what number of votes each candidate has received. If no person shall have received a majority of all the votes given, the House then proceeds (if no other order be taken) to a second vote, and so on until an election is effected. But if any person shall have received a majority of all the votes given, and a quorum has voted, the Clerk declares where Speaker such person "duly elected Speaker of the House of elected. Representatives for the Congress." The Clerk then Conducted to designates two members (usually of different politics, and from the number of those voted for as Speaker) "to conduct the Speaker elect to the chair;" and also one member (usually that one who has been longest a mem ber of the House) "to administer to him the oath required chair and sworn. vacancy in office of Clerk. by the Constitution and laws of the United States." In In case of case of a vacancy in the office of Clerk, or of his absence or inability, the duties imposed on him by law or custom relative to the preparation of the roll or the organization of the House shall devolve on the Sergeant-atArms; and in case of vacancies in both of said offices, or of their absence or inability to act, the said duties shall be performed by the Doorkeeper. Having been conducted to the chair, it is usual for the Speaker to deliver to the House a brief address, which being concluded, the oath is administered to him, and he then takes his seat as the presiding officer of the House. Members and (See ОATH.) He then directs the Clerk to call the roll of members by States, requesting each member, as his name is called, to approach the Chair, when he adminis ters to them the oath to support the Constitution of the United States. The delegates from the Territories are then called and sworn. delegates sworn. Senate notified of presence of a quorum and elec At this stage it is usual for the House to adopt an order "that a message be sent to the Senate to inform tion of Speaker. that body that a quorum of the House of Representatives has assembled, and that Committee to dent. one of the Rephas been chosen resentatives from the State of And then, or upon the receipt of a message from the wait on Presi- Senate informing the House of the presence of a quorum in that body, it is usual for the House to adopt the following order: "That a committee of three members be appointed on the part of the House, to join such committee as may be appointed on the part of the Senate, to wait on the President of the United States, and inform him that a quorum of the two houses has assembled, and that Congress is ready to receive any communication he may be pleased to make." Rules of last It has been usual to adopt a resolution, providing House adopted. that the rules and orders of the last House of Representatives be adopted for the government of this House until otherwise ordered." But the adoption of the following rule during the 36th Congress would seem to ren der such a resolution unnecessary now, viz: "These rules shall be the rules of the House of Representatives of the present and succeeding Congresses, unless otherwise ordered."-Rule 147. cers. The election of officers is next proceeded with, which, Election of offibeing completed, the House may be considered as fully organized. meeting; order Orders providing for the hour of the daily meeting of Hour of daily the House, and for furnishing members with newspapers, for newspapers. are amongst the earliest that are thereafter adopted. [The foregoing are the proceedings which usually take place upon the assembling of a new House of Representatives, and which generally occur on the first day of the meeting of Congress.] There have been occasions, however, where the proceedings were very different, and where the organization of the House was much longer delayed. Delay in the organization. Contested seats. Chairman ap pointed. In the 26th Congress, where the Clerk, upon the call of the roll by States for the ascertainment of the presence of a quorum, proposed to omit the call of either of the claimants for each of several contested seats, on the fifth day of the session, a chairman was appointed "to serve until the organization of the House by the elec tion of a Speaker;" and such election did not take place until eleven days thereafter.-Journal, 1, 26, pp. 6, 79. In the 31st Congress, by reason of a failure of a major- Failure of ma ity to vote for any candidate, there was no election of Speaker. Speaker for nearly a month after the meeting.-Journal, 1, 31, p. 3 to 164. And in the 34th Congress, for the same cause, an election of Speaker did not take place for two months after the meeting. Journal, 1, 34, p. 3 to 446. And also in the 36th Congress, for the same cause, the election of a Speaker was delayed for two months.Journal, 1, 36. jority to vote for During the three last-named periods, while the House Clerk presides. was without a Speaker, the Clerk presided over its deliberations; not, however, exercising the functions of Speaker to the extent of deciding questions of order, but, as in the case of other questions, putting them to Speaker elected the House for its decision. To relieve future Houses of some of the difficulties which grew out of the very limited power of the Clerk as a presiding officer, the House of the 36th Congress adopted the present 146th and 147th rules, which provide, that "pending the election of a Speaker, the Clerk shall preserve order and decorum, and shall decide all questions of order that may arise, subject to appeal to the House," and also for the permanency of the present rules, "unless otherwise ordered." In the 31st and 34th Congresses a Speaker was finally by plurality vote. elected by a plurality vote; such mode of election, however, was previously authorized by a resolution of the House, and subsequently confirmed by a resolution declaring him " duly elected."-Journals, 1, 31, pp. 156, 163, 164; 1, 34, pp. 429, 430, 444. At a second or subsequent session. of [At a second or subsequent session of Congress the members are called to order by the Speaker, when he causes the clerk to call the roll of members by States for the purpose of ascertaining whether or not a quorum is present. As soon as a quorum has answered, it is Notify Senate usual for the House to pass an order "that the Clerk inform the Senate that a quorum of the House of Representatives has assembled, and is ready to proceed to business;" and subsequently, as at the first session, to Committee to pass an order for the appointment of a committee to wait on the President. An order is also passed fixing, until ly meeting fixed, otherwise ordered, the hour of daily meeting.] quorum. wait on President. The hour of dai Qualifications of. Who shall not be. MEMBERS. "No person shall be a Representative who shall not have attained the age of twenty-five years, and have been seven years a citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an inhabitant of that State in which he shall be chosen."-Const., 1, 2, p. 5. "No person shall be a Representative in Congress who having previously taken an oath, as a member of Congress, or as an officer of the United States, or as a member of any State legislature, or as an executive or judicial officer of any State, to support the Constitution of |