In the S. E. corner is a parallel ruler, a plane table, a terrestrial globe, a crowing cock, and a youth seated upon a bee-hive, with a pair of compasses in his hand, at work upon plate XII.

The cock is an emblem of early rising, and the bee-hive may be considered as an emblem of industry; and it may here be remarked that it is impossible to attain eminence in the art of Surveying without early rising, industry, and perseverance.

MISCELLANEOUS INSTRUCTIONS

Relating to Surveying, Planning, Casting, Valuing, &c. &c.

1. The title of a plan should set forth the name of the proprietor; and also the name of the township, hamlet, parish, and county, in which the estate is situated.

2. The names of the adjoining lordships, or the names of the proprietors of the adjoining lands, should be given on the plan, in order to point out clearly the situation of the estate, and corroborate the title.

3. All principal roads passing through the estate, from one highway to another, should be laid down; and the places to which they lead, specified.

4. All foot-paths and bridle-roads should be pointed out, in order to determine the public right; and guard against encroachments.

5. All occupation and privileged roads, through adjoining estates, should be noticed either on the plan, or in the reference book.

6. All ancient highways leading through the estate, although not now in use, should be particularly specified, and the names of the proprietors given, to show in whom the privilege of re-opening them, if necessary, is vested.

7. The ancient and proper names of fields should be preserved; as it generally creates confusion and mistakes, when new ones are assigned without sufficient authority.

8. It has already been observed, that the extremities of the ditches are generally the boundaries between adjoining fields; this, however, is not always the case, as the stem of the quickwood sometimes forms the boundary; hence the necessity of obtaining an assistant who is well acquainted with all the local customs of the place.

9. The greatest care must be taken to find the area of each field correctly; and particularly if the survey be taken for an inclosure, or to make a valuation for the land-tax, poor-rates, county-rates, and other assessments; for it is evident that if the survey be incorrect,

the valuation can never be equitable; and will consequently produce nothing but disputes and dissatisfaction among the proprietors and occupiers, instead of peace, harmony, and friendship.

10. In valuing for an assessment, great care should be taken not to over-rate the land that is of a poor quality, and lies far from the means of improvement; for bad land costs the occupier as much in labour and seed, as good land, and is far less productive. (See more observations on valuing land, in Part VI.)

11. In reducing a plan for portable use, care should be taken to choose a scale sufficiently large to exhibit all the irregularities in the fences, buildings, &c.

12. Several small farms, or detached pieces of land, belonging to one proprietor, may be laid down upon the same sheet. They ought not, however, to be joined together, but planned as separate estates.

13. When one sheet of drawing-paper is too small to contain the survey, two or more must be neatly pasted together; and when those parts that have been wet with the paste are nearly dry, they may be made smooth by a warm iron. The edge of one of the sheets should be cut even, and laid nearly half an inch over the edge of the other sheet; and a piece of clean paper should be laid under the iron, to prevent it from soiling the plan.

14. It has already been observed that the surveying-chain should frequently be measured. The readiest method of doing this, is to drive two stakes or pins into the ground, exactly at the distance of 22 yards from each other. Professional Surveyors measure their chains in this manner every morning, when they are engaged in extensive measurements. When the chain has become too long, it is better to cut a little from several of the links, than to take off the rings; care, however, must be taken to keep each 10 links of an equal length, or the dimensions will be incorrect.

15. The book of particulars, before-mentioned, is generally called "A Terrier of the Survey," and should contain references corresponding to those upon the plan; also the name of each field, or the name of the proprietor, or of the occupier; and the area of each field, in acres, roods, and perches. If the Surveyor value the estate, the Terrier ought to contain the value per acre to let, or for sale; the annual value of each field to let, or the total value for sale; and also the cultivation of each field: thus will the proprietor be furnished with every necessary particular relating to his estate.

16. The Terrier may likewise contain remarks and observations on the quality of the soil; and point out the method of improving wet marshy grounds, by draining them; commons and waste lands, by inclosing them; large fields, by dividing them; &c. &c.

17. Some Surveyors return three measurements of each field in the Terrier; viz. the land in cultivation; the hedges and waste land; and the total quantity, or sum of both.

18. In giving the cultivation of each field, the permanent meadows, or those which the tenant is prohibited from breaking up, should be particularly noticed.

19. In writing out a valuation-book for the purpose of making assessments, all the lands and tenements in the occupation of the same tenant should be collected together; and put down on the left-hand page of the book. At the top of the page must appear the name of the tenant; and in the first and second columns respectively, the names of the proprietors and the numbers on the plan. The third, fourth, fifth, and sixth columns, must contain the name, measurement, value per acre, and total value of each field respectively. The righthand page may be left blank for incidental remarks, when a change of occupation takes place; or when any circumstance occurs that affects the arrangement of the book.

20. When the valuation is high, it is frequently thought prudent to calculate the assessments from one-fourth, one-half, or three-fourths of the amount; this, however, is more properly the consideration of the occupiers, than that of the Land-Surveyor. Sometimes the assessments are calculated from one-half, or three-fourths of the valuation of the land; and from one-fourth of the valuation of the buildings.

PART VI.

NOTE 1. The annual value of each field may be found from the area, and the value per acre by the Rule of Three; but when the calculations are numerous, much labour may be saved by using Hudson's Land Valuer's Assistant.

2. If one tenant occupy all the foregoing estate, his rent will be 821. 28. 91d. per annum; and if the assessments be made from three-fourths of the annual value, he will be assessed at 621. 12s. 1d.

3. The terrier may be divided into any number of columns, to suit the purpose of the Surveyor; and when the observations, remarks, &c. are too numerous to be contained in the columns of one page, each two opposite pages may be divided into columns, in which may be entered every necessary information relating to the estate. - In extensive surveys and valuations, an alphabetical index should be annexed to the Terrier or Valuation- Book, in order that the name of any particular proprietor or occupier may be more readily found.

4.

PART THE SIXTH.

RULES AND DIRECTIONS FOR LAYING OUT ANY GIVEN QUANTITY OF LAND, IN ANY PROPOSED FIGURE; FOR PARTING FROM ANY FIELD OR FIGURE ANY QUANTITY OF LAND REQUIRED; AND FOR DIVIDING A PIECE OF LAND AMONG SUNDRY CLAIMANTS IN THE PROPORTION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE CLAIMS, OR A COMMON, ETC. OF VARIABLE VALUE, AMONG ANY NUMBER OF PROPRIETORS, IN THE PROPORTION OF THEIR RESPECTIVE INTERESTS. THE METHOD OF REDUCING STATUTE MEASURE TO CUSALSO, TOMARY, AND VICE VERSA.

SECTION I.

Rules and Directions for laying out any given quantity of Land, in any proposed Figure; and for parting from any Field or Figure, any quantity of Land required.

WHEN the land to be laid out, or parted off, is given in acres, roods, and perches, it must first be reduced into square links; in which process the following Table will be found extremely useful.

When it is required to part off from any field, or figure, any quantity of land, it is generally necessary, first, to measure the whole, if the dimensions be not given.

A Table for reducing Acres, Roods, and Perches, into Square

To reduce any number of Acres, Roods, and Perches, into Square

Links.

RULE. Reduce the given quantity of land into perches, which multiply by 625, the number of square links in one perch, and the product will be the square links required. Or, find the equivalents of the acres, roods, and perches respectively, in the foregoing Table.

EXAMPLES.

1. Reduce 6 acres, 3 roods, and 25 perches, into square links.