Paris Exposition is by Dr. Chervin, director of Annales de Demographie Internationale, and appears in the Revue d'Anthropologie, pp. 740-744. Among the statistics of various. countries Dr. Chervin mentions those of Sweden, by Dr. Berg; and those of France, by Dr. Bertillon, as especially noteworthy.

At the November meeting of the National Academy in New York, Mr. A. Hyatt made some remarks on an Investigation of the Laws of Heredity, undertaken by the State Board of Health of Massachusetts. The Bureau of Education, at Washington, is collecting a mass of statistical information which will be valuable to ethnologists, especially with reference to the decrease of population, and the progress made in civilization by our Indians and Negroes. Ergänzungsheft 55, of Petermann's Mittheilungen, is devoted to “Die Bevölkerung der Erde," of Behm and Wagner, an elaborate report upon the population of the earth. The sum total of humanity is reckoned to be 1,439,145,300. Sir David Wedderburn discusses the Dying-out of the Polynesians, in an article reproduced in the 3d Supplement of the Popular Science Monthly, from the Fortnightly. As is customary, our new science has an organ entitled Annales de Demographie Internationale; Recueil Trimestriel de Travaux Originaux et de Documents Statistiques, et Bulletin Bibliographique speciel, published by Dr. Chervin. An excellent review of this jour nal, by Dr. Collineau, will be found in the Revue d'Anthropologie, pp. 118–124.

PHILOLOGY.

The object of this branch of anthropology is to subject all human languages to a comparative study, in the same manner as the zoologist investigates the animal creation, in order to ascertain their affinities and differences, and through them to trace the migrations of nations and the evolution of civilization. "In the present state of the science," says M. Hovelacque," the natural classification of languages does not agree with ethnic classifications. The unfortunate axiom 'like language, like race,' has retarded the progress of anthropology proper, and of philology. The morphological division of languages is the only one that does not prejudge the question of ethnic origin."

All that could be reasonably expected in North American Indian philology is now being done under the direction of Major J. W. Powell, to whom the Smithsonian Institution has confided the linguistic material collected since its foundation. A brief sketch of this work will be found in the "Annual Report" for 1877, p. 82, and in the Report of Major Powell to the Secretary of the Interior. The Indians of North America are divided into 64 linguistic stocks. Some of these are very small, while others cover an immense area. Major Powell is especially conversant with the tribes of the Great Interior Basin, commonly known as Shoshonees or Numas. Other parts of the work are allotted to specialists in each department. Mr. Dall will superintend the publication of the Inuit manuscripts; Mr. Gatschet, the author of several linguistic papers, will contribute a great deal of material upon the Northern Californian and Southern Oregon tribes; Messrs. Riggs and Dorsey will take charge of the Dakota tribes; Mr. Trumbull will be the chief authority upon the Algonkin stock; Mr. Mason will have charge of the Cherokee and Chahta-Muskokee linguistic material, and will also prepare a synonymy of all the tribes. Mr. Powers has already worked up the Central Californian tribes in Powell's third volume. Colonel Mallery will collect the material for the historical and political portion of the work; and Mr. Pilling will compile the bibliography. In addition to these collaborators, the best available aid has been invoked to collect vocabularies and grammars from the tribes.

Only the most meagre outline of the immense amount of work done in philology by European scholars can be given. The sources to which the inquirer should go are the publications of the London Philological Society, the Revue Linguistique, and Lazarus and Steinthal's Zeitschrift für Völkerpsychologie und Sprachwissenschaft. The journals of all the great anthropological societies of Great Britain, France, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Russia, and Italy also publish a great deal of matter relating to comparative philology.

Professor R. G. Latham has published, in London, "Outlines of General and Developmental Philology," and Mr. Sayce, an "Introduction to the Science of Language." In the Revue d'Anthropologie, p. 47, M. Hovelacque treats of the

Classification of Languages in Anthropology. Maisonneuve & Co., Paris, are preparing the Lord's Prayer in more than 1200 languages and dialects. The literature of the Servians and Croats is the subject of an article in the Westminster Review for April. Bagster & Sons publish "Lectures on Assyrian Philology," by the Rev. A. H. Sayce.

A most excellent graphic representation of the Distribution of the Languages of India is published by R. N. Cust, in the Geographical Magazine for January and February. Trübner & Co. publish a catalogue of manuscript and printed reports, field-books, memoirs, maps, etc., of the Indian surveys, deposited in the map-room of the India Office. There is a review of this paper in the Geographical Magazine for May.

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute publishes an admirable series of papers on the Languages of the Australians, as follows: On Kamilaroi, by the Rev. C. C. Greenway; on Wailwun or Zuimba, by Mr. Thomas Honery; on the Natives of the Page and the Isis, by Mr. McDonald; on the Language of George's River, by Mr. John Rowley; on the Languages of Sydney and Illawara, by Mr. Malone; on the North Coast, by Dr. Creed. Trübner & Co. announce a "Grammar and Dictionary of the Samoan," compiled by the Rev. George Pratt, and edited by the Rev. S. J. Whit

mee.

CULTURE.

The last division of ethnology, or comparative culture, is called by Dr. Topinard "the science of the evolution of humanity," and includes all those social phenomena which constitute a science of human progress; such as aliment, edifices, vessels, implements of war and industry, æsthetic culture, the family, society, government, and religion.

Aliment.

The contributions of Dr. Edward Palmer to the American Naturalist for June, September, and October, upon Indian Food and Eating Customs; and Mr. Barber's article, in the same journal, upon Moqui Food, are of great value on this subject. Fritz Schultz discusses the Origin of the Culinary Art, in Kosmos for July, 1877.

Edifices.

The Reconstructions of Pueblos, by Mr. W. H. Jackson, of the Hayden Survey, form an attractive feature in several of our American museums, and won great applause at Paris. The whole subject will be discussed in an illustrated volume soon to be issued by the Survey. Mr. Powers, in "Powell's Contributions," vol. iii., gives considerable space to the description of Aboriginal Domiciles and Domestic Structures.

Vessels.

This subject includes whatever is used for collecting, transporting, storing, preparing, and serving liquid and solid aliment. The public taste is turned, just at this time, to pottery. In addition to the elegant and diversified materials in our public museums, there are many private collections. of great value. The Harpers have published another creditable Ceramic Hand-book, by Jennie J. Young. Mr. J. Llewellyn Jewett has also published the "History of the Ceramic Art in Great Britain from the Earliest Times to the Present Day."

Implements.

The Reports of M. Girard de Rialle and Dr. Bordier upon Ethnology, at the Paris Exposition, contain many allusions to the superb exhibitions of aboriginal implements from all parts of the world. The remark of Dr. Bordier upon the entire absence of the bow throughout Polynesia, although it is the favorite weapon of the Papuans, is one of more than passing interest. Apropos of the assertion of Major Powell, that the North American Indians never used poisoned arrows, Dr. Messer contributes a paper to the Journal of the Anthropological Institute, p. 259, on the Reputed Poisonous. Nature of the Arrows of the South Sea Islanders.

Upon the implements and methods employed in valuing and measuring, attention is called to Mr. Trowbridge's article in the Popular Science Monthly for February, on Counting by Aid of the Fingers; to a paper by J. Flinders Petrie, before the Anthropological Institute, April 9, on Inductive Metrology, to deduce the unit of measure used by ancient peoples from the dimensions of existing remains; and to M. Lenormant's work, "La Monnaie dans l'Antiquité," Paris.

Esthetic Culture.

Mr. E. B. Tylor read a paper before the Anthropological Institute in April, on the Game of Patolli in Ancient Mexico, and its probable Asiatic origin. Mr. W. S. Jevons contributes to the Contemporary Review for October an article on Amusements for the People. Mr. Edwin A. Barber, of Chester, Pa., is preparing a monograph on pipes and smoking, in all ages and nations. Art-weaving among the Ancients is the subject of an article by Mr. T. W. Dale, in the Penn Monthly for February. Rev. A. H. Sayce describes the Art of Prehistoric Greece in the Academy for March 2. A paper on the Influence of Climate upon the Development of Art, especially of Architecture, will be found in Correspondenzblatt, Nos. 1 and 2.

The Family.

Mr. C. S. Wake read a paper before the Anthropological Institute, April 25, on the Origin of the Classificatory System of Relationship among Primitive Peoples. In Archiv für Anthropologie, I. and II., Dr. Lothar Dargun discusses the problem of the Origin of Marriage. Mr. A. G. Sedgwick publishes an article on Primitive Communism in the Atlantic Monthly for September. The papers of Dr. Hoffman on Abortion and Prostitution, in the American Naturalist, are worthy of attention. The July number of Kosmos, for 1877, gives us a paper on the Subjection of the Old by the Young. Professor De Gubernatis publishes, in Milan, a work entitled "Storia Comparata degli Usi Natalizi in Italia e presso di altri Popoli Indo-Europei."

Social Life.

This portion of culture, so intimately connected with human happiness, engages the best minds of the world. Indeed, so thoroughly are legislators and jurists convinced of the close relation between social science and good government, that all prominent law-makers are students of sociology. Upon this point, attention is invited to a paper in Das Ausland, No. 10, upon Hospitality among Lower Races; to Mr. T. F. Dyer's work on "British Popular Customs;" to Du Bois Raymond's address on the History of Civilization, in the Revue Scientifique, January 19; to a paper in the Proceedings of the