Asiatic Society of Japan, on Japanese Heraldry, by Thomas R. H. McClatcher; but especially to Mr. Herbert Spencer's series of articles in the Fortnightly Magazine, on the Evolution of Ceremonial Government; and to M. Laveleye's work on "Primitive Property." The paper of Mr. Ad. F. Bandelier, on the Tenure of Land among the Ancient Mexicans, previously mentioned, is also valuable under this head.

Religion.

Mr. E. A. Barber discusses the Traces of Solar Worship in North America, in the American Naturalist for April; and Mr. Owens, the Folk-lore of the Southern Negroes, in Lippincott's Magazine. In England, a Folk-lore Society publishes a journal entitled The Folk-lore Record. In the Contemporary Review, the subject of Forest and Field Myths is discussed by Mr. W. R. Ralston. M. Emile Cartailhac publishes, in Paris, "L'Âge de Pierre dans les Souvenirs et Superstitions Populaires," a short review of which is given in the Athenæum for March 2. In the Nineteenth Century for August is an article on the Religion of the Greeks as Illustrated by Greek Inscriptions. In the first four numbers of Das Ausland, F. von Hellwald treats of the Eastern Question as a culture problem. A good source of supply for Indian mythology is the Indian Antiquarian. Professor Max Müller discusses the Origin and Growth of Religion in the Contemporary Review for May. A work in two octavo volumes on the "Evolution of Morality," by C. S. Wake, is published by Trübner & Co.

INSTRUMENTALITIES.

The real progress of any science, and anthropology is no exception, is commensurate with the instrumentalities by which its facts are ascertained and verified. Indeed, there is no branch of knowledge where the personal equation is so complicated and perplexing.

APPARATUS.

The mechanical devices for anthropological study relate mainly to ethnology in its anatomical operations, but charts and diagrams are used in every portion of the science. The Paris Exposition furnished an excellent opportunity for com

paring methods of research, inasmuch as "Germany, Austria, England, France, and even America, figured side by side." Dr. Topinard, who prepared the report on this subject, insists upon the absolute necessity of having anthropometric methods reduced to uniformity, and to this end suggests that mutual concessions be made. On the whole, the method of ascertaining the cubage of the skull invented by Morton and perfected by Broca is most convenient. To this, as well as to the proper method of orienting the skull, attention has been called already. Mr. Charles Roberts has published, in London, a "Manual of Anthropometry " for practical use.

MEETINGS AND TRANSACTIONS.

At the American Association in St. Louis, and in the Nashville volume of Proceedings, many valuable anthropological papers are reported. The subject of American aboriginal philology is not neglected by the American Philological Society. Important contributions to archæology are to be found in the Transactions of the American Antiquarian Society of Worcester. The Peabody Museum of Cambridge is foremost among our American institutions to foster anthropology. Reference must also be made to the publications of the American Geographical Society, and the Ethnological Society, of New York; the American Philosophical Society of Philadelphia; the Smithsonian Institution, the Army Medical Museum, the Powell and the Hayden Surveys, and the Report of the Indian Bureau, in Washington; the Western Reserve and Northern Ohio Historical Society, the Central Ohio Scientific Association, and the Cincinnati Society of Natural Sciences, in Ohio; the State Archæological Association of Indiana; the Chicago Academy of Sciences; the Wisconsin Academy in Dubuque; the Davenport Academy in Iowa; the St. Louis Academy in St. Louis; the California Academy in San Francisco. In addition to these, the American Antiquarian, the American Naturalist, the American Journal, the Popular Science Monthly, Harper's Monthly, Harper's Weekly, and the Kansas City Review, among our periodicals, give more or less space to the subject. The American Bookseller and Index publishes monthly a list of papers and articles in nearly all first-class periodicals upon all subjects relating to anthropology.

Anales del Museo Nacional de México is a very creditable publication issued by the National Museum of Mexico. In the Revue d'Anthropologie, pp. 152-157, M. Ludovic Martinet reviews Brazilian Anthropology.

The Journal of the Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland continues to be the main reliance for British anthropology. In addition to this we should not overlook the British Association, the London Philological Society, the Royal Geographical Society, the Oriental Society and Trübner's Catalogues, the Society of Biblical Archæology, the Folk-lore Society, the Victoria Institute, and the Royal Society of Literature. Our chief sources of current notes and of information concerning the meetings of societies are Nature, the Athenæum, and the Academy.

Anthropology is better organized in Paris than in any other city of the world. The School of Anthropology, the Cours d'Anthropologie, the Société d'Anthropologie, with its quarterly Bulletin, the Museum Ethnographique des Missions Scientifiques, the Archæological Museum of St. Germains, the Museum of the Louvre, and the Bibliotheque Nationale complete the resources of our science and cover the entire ground of investigation. Besides these, the Revue d'Anthropologie is entirely devoted to the subject, and other journals publish occasional articles, as in this country and in England. Materiaux pour l'Histoire Primitive et Naturelle de l'Homme, published in Toulouse, has done more to foster archæological studies than any other journal with which we are acquainted.

If Paris has the best system of anthropological instruction among the cities of the world, Germany excels all other countries. The parent society, or Deutsche Gesellschaft für Anthropologie, Ethnologie, und Urgeschichte, with its renowned organ Archiv für Anthropologie, migrates from city to city like our American Association, to encourage research and to awaken new interest in the subject. In many of the cities the branch societies publish creditable journals of their own. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, the organ of the Berlin Society, and Vorhandlungen der Berliner Gesellschaft furnish very valuable aid to students. To crown the whole, and to make the system complete, Professor Kollmann, of Basle, edits the Correspondenzblatt, a monthly brochure, in which the

proceedings of all the societies, local and general, are faithfully reported. Our resources are not exhausted even then, for important matter is furnished by Petermann's Mittheilungen, Globus, Das Ausland, and, doubtless, by many other worthy publications of that land teeming with intellectual activity. To the fourth volume of "Jahresbericht über die Fortschritte der Anatomie und Physiologie," published by Professor F. Kollmann and Professor J. Schwalbe, Leipsic, 1878, Professor Kollmann contributes an excellent résumé of German Anthropology for the year 1877.

Mittheilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft in Wien, published by a committee of the most distinguished specialists in Austro-Hungary, is the only organ devoted to our subject which has reached us from that empire.

Information upon Russian Anthropology comes to us at second hand, though valuable anthropological memoirs are published by the Imperial Academy of St. Petersburg, by the Academy of Sciences at Cracow, and by the Imperial Society of Moscow. The same is true of the Scandinavian countries, which are known to be keenly alive to archæological studies especially. Allusion has been made already to the efficient law for the preservation of the monuments of antiquity in Denmark.

The third meeting of the International Congress of Americanists is advertised to meet in Brussels, September 23-26, 1879.

A Review of Italian Anthropology is published in the Revue d'Anthropologie, pp. 125 and 542. The International Congress of Orientalists met in Florence, September 12-18. The organ of the Italian Society of Anthropology is Archivio per l'Antropologia e la Etnologia, published by Dr. Mantegazza, in Florence.

Revista de Antropologia is the official organ of the Spanish Anthropological Society.

The most important convocation of the year was the Anthropological Congress, held in connection with the exhibition of human anatomy and primitive industry, at the Paris Exposition, August 16-20, and partially reported in the Revue d'Anthropologie, pp. 692–753. It is safe to say that the world has never before witnessed such rich and varied material from so many lands brought together for the study

of man; and that never before have so many distinguished students assembled to investigate this most absorbing of all problems as constituted the International Congress of Anthropological Studies. The committee contemplate the preparation of a voluminous report, in which every paper and every discussion will be published.