Drawing of Indiana's Butter Exhibit in the Refrigerator, Louisiana Purchase Exposition, St. Louis. Blocks were one-pound prints.

Designed by H. E. Van Norman.

eye in a graphic manner the above difference in the yield and profit between the good and common cow, of which many of the latter are even kept at an actual loss.

Between the tall columns stood a pyramid of varying sized tubs, so placed as to show the exposed surface of the butter. These columns and the pyramid stood on a raised platform approached by three steps. The unoccupied floor space and approach to the platform was paved with halfpound prints, the edges of the steps covered with purple in pleasing contrast with the yellow of the floor design. In the center of the foreground was a low table on which was displayed butter in various forms, suitable for table service, especially individual serving. The wall forming the background was covered with purple velveteen, and the space set aside for Indiana's portion outlined with a border design composed of halfpound prints arranged in a geometrical pattern.

The short columns on either hand in the foreground were surmounted by tall jars; on the left showing two gallons of whole milk and in smaller jars the food constituents in milk, as follows: 101⁄2 ounces of butter fat, 14 ounces of milk sugar, 81⁄2 ounces of casein and albumen, and 2 ounces of ash or mineral. while on the right was two gallons of skim milk and with this the constituents, each in a separate jar, 141⁄2 ounces of milk sugar, 91⁄2 ounces of casein and 2 ounces of ash. Cards explained that by the addition of two cents' worth of flax seed meal or one cent's worth of corn meal to the other constituents of skim milk, thus substituting vegetable fat for 12 cents' worth of butter fat in the whole milk we had a feeding value equal to that of the whole milk, and have effected a saving of 10 cents per day or $3 per month on the cost of raising a calf.

The exhibit as a whole was arranged with the thought of presenting three important facts in such a manner as to be easily apparent to the casual observer, as follows:

First. The great difference in yield by the average cows and the good cows.

Second. The small difference in the amount required to pay for the feed of both classes of cows.

Third. The great difference in the profits over and above the cost of feed with the two classes.

Fourth. How butter in marketable forms and packages lend themselves to an attractive display and varied shapes for serving on the table.

An occasional question was asked why Indiana did not compete in the sculptured designs with the various elaborate displays from some of the other States. The only answer is that the funds available for all the expenses incident to Indiana's exhibit were less than the amount paid the sculptors by some of the other States, to say nothing of the refrigerator, butter required, labor, traveling expenses, etc.

49-Agri.

The New Carlisle Creamery Co., New Carlisle; Schlosser Bros., Oak Grove Creamery, Plymouth; and Purdue University Creamery, Lafayette, contributed butter for the general design. The butter wrappers used in the structure surmounting the tall columns were secured from the creameries at Avilla, Lima, Carlisle, Kewanna, New Carlisle, Plymouth, Orland, Mondamin Meadow Co., Ft. Wayne, and Purdue University Creamery.

In the monthly scoring contest, where diplomas and medals were awarded on the basis of the average of four entries, namely in June, July, September and October, respectively, the following is the list of the Indiana entries:

CREAMERY BUTTER.

Buttermaker.

Creamery at June. July. September. October. Average.

J. M. Holderman.. Plymouth.. 91

91

94

952

93

The following made one or more entries, but for one reason or another were prevented from taking part in all four:

Creamery Butter-G. Herman, Osgood; J. B. Pessel, Butler; W. E. Osborn, Modoc; C. E. Holderman, Bremen; E. K. Carpenter, Fremont. Dairy Butter-Edith Parsons, Clayton; A. V. Hightshue, Clemont; Hemenway Bros., Zionsville.

CHEESE.

Indiana is not conspicuous in the number of its cheese factories, though one of them has made a very favorable record on the quality of its product. In the large refrigerator case provided for the cheese exhibit Boyd & Drischel, of Cambridge City, and G. P. Swan, of New Washington, were each represented with Young America and full cream Cheddar cheese. They also took part in the four scorings, as follows:

June. July. September. October. Average.

PHOTOGRAPHS.

On the small floor space beside, and adjoining the butter refrigerator space there was arranged a table and display case containing photographs from a number of prominent dairies and herds in the State. More were received than there was space for in this case, and these were placed in Indiana's general agricultural exhibit nearby. The following were represented by one or more photographs of either animals or equipment:

J. V. Shugart, Marion; S. B. Woods, Crownpoint; D. F. Maish, Frankfort; M. J. Rippey, Syracuse; A. P. Walker, Rushville; Schlosser Bros., Plymouth; Amboy Creamery, Amboy; Chrisney Creamery, Chrisney; Fountain City Creamery, Fountain City.

The most striking lesson to my mind brought out by the work I did in behalf of Indiana's dairy exhibit and the observations which I was able to make, is that Indiana has a few creameries and cheese factories that are turning out products that are acceptable in the most critical market, that there is no inherent reason why we can not compete with the best in these markets. The only reason that the number is small is that the number of makers who have had thorough training in their work is small. The States which carried off the honors of high scores not only had many entries, but uniformly high scores. Inquiry reveals the fact that in Minnesota every buttermaker exhibiting not only had received instruction in the dairy school of that State, but was aided by the most efficient system of traveling instruction conducted by their State Dairy Commissioner. The most skillful men in the State, to the number of half a dozen or more, give all their time to traveling from one creamery to another, helping the buttermaker to improve his method and product; in extreme cases when necessary, bringing legal action to enforce their demand for cleanliness both in the creamery and on the part of the patron supplying milk. It was the general opinion of the superintendents of the dairy exhibits of the various States that to this advance system of instruction and education for her buttermakers, together with their united and hearty co-operation with the educational forces of the other States, was due the conspicuous success which these buttermakers scored. I think it was three out of four times that Minnesota scored two to four out of six highest scoring tubs.

A few words as to the manner in which this work was done may be interesting to the buttermakers who are not privileged to attend the fair. The butter from most of the States was assembled at some central point and shipped from there by refrigerator service. Indiana shipped to Chicago, joining with the exhibits from Wisconsin and Illinois, to whose superintendents. Mr. Loomis, of Wisconsin, and Mr. Hunt, of Illinois, our exhibitors are indebted for helpful co-operation. They were delivered at the refrigerator in the Agricultural building by the transportation

authorities, and the superintendents checked up their respective exhibits to know that all packages were present. The superintendent of the department, Mr. Sudendorf, then took charge of the tubs, numbering them in accordance with his record, and removing all tags and marks of identification. They were piled ready for the judges, who were that veteran judge, Mr. Orin Douglas, of Boston; John Mittlestadt, of Chicago; B. D. White, formerly of Minnesota, at that time from Canajoharie, N. Y. In one end of the refrigerator case was a light room where the temperature was a little more moderate than in the storage room. Here the judges worked. The tubs were opened, one at a time, each judge drawing a trier full, examining the same and expressing his opinion. When any difference of opinion was apparent on first expression the differences were discussed and studied until the three agreed on the score which the package was entitled to. A clerk recorded the results of their agreement, the package and score card having only the number as a means of identification. When a tub was found that scored above 95 it was set aside for further consideration, this pile being called the "Shake Down." Working in another part of the room was the expert critic, P. H. Keiffer, of Iowa. After the judges were through with a tub of butter the critic took it, examined it together with the entry blank marked with the buttermaker's number only and dictated to his clerk suggestions to the buttermaker for overcoming the faults apparent. It was both gratifying and amazing to the speaker, who had the privilege of seeing the first two scorings, numbering some 450 tubs, and a number of tubs in the later ones scored by the judges and criticised by the critic, to note the remarkable agreement as a rule in their estimate of what the score should

be. Time after time the critic would say to his clerk, "What did the judges give this one, 912?" or "941⁄2?" and rarely was he one half point off, time and again hitting it exactly. Again he would remark as he tested a sample, "That must have so and so's starter in it," and the clerk would look at the entry blank to find that the critic was correct. There was absolutely no room for partiality nor any unfairness of any kind.

After all of the tubs had been gone through the judges came to the "Shake Down." At this time all disturbing factors, interruptions and visitors were excluded, five or six tubs placed in a row were opened up and one by one, the lowest scoring of these were eliminated as fast as the score was agreed on until finally it narrowed down to four or five "toppers." If in any of the tubs there could be the least distinction made they did not receive the same score. This work required in each case from three to four days to go over some 450 tubs entered each month. Neither the judges nor the critic nor even the State superintendents, after they had checked over their butter from the transportation company were able to identify the tubs from their own State, much less that of any individual.