4. Whenever the teacher is using the pointer, to teach the chronographer, the pupil must give his eye, his ear, and his mind; and then the chronographer will, by a mysterious process of the mind, be formed within, and become a part of the mind of every attentive scholar-where he may, ever after, have the plan, and read the principal dates of his country's chronology. But in order to have the internal chronographer perfect, it is necessary to observe attentively, and to learn patiently, at various times and in repeated lessons, the different parts of the one presented to the eye.

5. As success, in this case, depends on the class fixing their eyes on the chronographer, with the desire to learn it, short and lively lessons, in which the class shall be questioned as the teacher points, and in which all answer together, will be much better than long and dull ones.

6. Some explanations of the chronographer will, however, be needed. They will be given here, in connexion with questions and instructions on the general subject of chronology.

CHRONOGRAPHER EXPLAINED.

7. The word chronographer literally signifies something which delineates time. It is composed of two Greck words-chronos, time, and grapho, to delineate.

8. The picture presented is a chronographer of American history, because it refers to that history only. It is divided into two parts. The outer part is composed of several circular lines, the whole of which, taken together, make up what is here called the circle of time. It represents the whole time of the American history; that is, the complete succession of years from the discovery of America in 1492, .o the present day.

9. The inner part of the chronographer is called the historic tree. The four large limbs of this tree represent the four

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DESCRIPTION OF THE CHRONOGRAPHER.

parts into which the history is divided.

The branches of

these limbs represent epochs of the history. The body and limbs of the tree are painted wood colour, and the branches are painted green.

10. An epoch is an important event in any history, which, having happened on some certain day, or in some one year, is regarded but as a point in time. These branches, then, which represent the epochs, meet the circle of time in certain points

11. In mathematics, the place where one line meets another is called a point. Points may divide a line: so we suppose our circular line of time to be divided, by these points or epochs, into periods. The word epoch marks the exact time at which any event of history may have happened; and the word period is here used to denote an unbroken succession of years, whether few or many.

12. To avoid confusion, remark here, that each of the four parts of the history has one more epoch than period · for example, Part I. has four epochs and three periods. It of course has four branches, and three spaces between them Parts II. and IV. have also each four branches and three spaces. Part III. has three epochs and two periods. The reason of this is, that the same epoch is used for the end of one period and the beginning of another.

CIRCLE OF TIME.-LINE OF CENTURIES.

13. The outer circumference of the circle of time is the

line of centuries. It represents the three centuries and a half into which the American history is divided. A century is a hundred years.

14. All Christian countries reckon time from the birth of our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, which is called the Christian era, or great Christian epoch. In 1850, there will have been just eighteen centuries and a half from that poin

of time. During nearly fifteen of those centuries, America was unknown to the people of Europe, from whom we are descended.

15. This continent was discovered in 1492, eight years before the close of the 15th century. Tracing, then, on the chronographer, from 1492 to 1500, we find eight years only belonging to the 15th century. From 1500 to 1600 is the whole of the 16th century; from 1600 to 1700, the 17th century; from 1700 to 1800, the 18th century; and from 1800 to the present day, is nearly half of the 19th century: so that the whole course of American history is about three centuries and a half. It was exactly three centuries and a half in the year 1842.

16. Since the end of the year 1800, we have lived in the 19th century: so, young persons past eighteen are said to be in their nineteenth year. When the year 1800 had passed, then eighteen centuries were completed from the birth of our Saviour, and the time since, and now going on, belongs to the 19th century, and will belong to it till the year 1900 is compleated.

17. Some persons have disputed whether the dates which make exact hundreds, such as 1700 and 1800, belong to the 17th and 18th centuries. They say, "As 1701 belongs to the 18th century, why should not 1700 also?" Now, to make this matter plain, let us go back to the 1st century. Teacher. Would 99 years make a century?

Class. Ninety-nine years would not make a century. Teacher. When would the 1st century be completed? Class. The 1st century would be completed at the end of the 100th year.

Teacher. Would 199 years make two centuries?

Class. One hundred and ninety-nine years would not make two centuries.

Teacher. What year must be added to make two centuries ?

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DESCRIPTION OF THE CHRONOGRAPHER.

Class. The 200th year must be added to make up the two centuries.

Teacher. To what century does the date 100 belong? Class. To the 1st century, since that century is not com pleted till the end of the year 100.

Teacher. To what century does the date 101 belong?
Class. To the 2d century.

Teacher. To what century does the date 300 belong? Class. To the 3d; for the 3d is only completed at the close of this year.

Teacher. To what century does the date 1700 belong? Class. To the 17th.

Teacher. To what century does the date 1845 belong? Class. To the 19th century.

Teacher. You now understand that any date in a century belongs to a century one higher than the hundreds which express the date-excepting only those dates which are expressed by exact hundreds. Thus, 1704 belongs to the 18th century; 1825 to the 19th; while 1700 belongs to the 17th century, and 1800 to the 18th.

18. Teacher. The graduated part of the circle of time is called the scale of years. This is first divided, as you see, by alternate light and shade, into tens of years. Then, by black lines through the light tens, and white ones through the black tens, the whole scale is divided into years: so that, having any given date, you can at once refer it, on the chronographer, to its proper place. For example, suppose I ask you, where, on the circle of time, is the place of King Philip's war, which occurred in 1675? First, look for the large figures which denote the centuries, until the eye catches 1600: then trace along to the right, through 70, until you reach 75.

19. The first large limb of the historic tree represents Part I. of the history. Observe the points of intersection of the first and fourth branches with the graduated circle of time. The first point is at 1492, the epoch of the discovery of America by Columbus; and the fourth is 1643, when the irst Confederacy or Union took place. This is an important epoch, as it marks the time when several colonies confed. erated together, thus laying the foundation of our great Federal Republic.

20. This FIRST PART, then, extends from 1492 to 1643. s subject, as you read just above the scale of years, is, THE DISCOVERY AND EARLY SETTLEMENT of the different parts of the country. It occupies, as you see, a century and a half, viz., eight years of the 15th century, the whole of the 16th, and nearly half of the 17th. It extends through a longer time than either of the other parts of the history. There are, however, fewer events in it for the historian to notice.

21. The SECOND PART, as you perceive from the points of intersection of the extreme branches, extends from 1643, the epoch of the beginning of the confederacy, to 1763, the close of the French war. Previously to this war, the English had the government over what has since been called the United States. By the war they gained dominion over Canada also-taking it from the French, who had discovered and settled that country. The Second Part of the history, as you see by the graduated circle, occupies 120 years. It embraces the last half of the 17th century, and the first part of the 18th. When we speak by centuries, we do not pretend to be perfectly accurate. The subject of the Second Part is, COLONIZATION-FRENCH AND INDIAN WARS: that is, tho colonization of this country by the English, and