summer, and they will unite by the winter, and the graft may then be severed and the bandage removed.

In places where branches cannot be obtained convenient for the purpose of engrafting, buds may be inserted in the usual manner of inoculation.

If in the course of the spring or summer, any or all the bearers should be deprived of their fruit by frost, blight, or other casualities, or are otherwise injured and rendered useless, they may be immediately cut back, or taken clean out, so as to favour the young shoot, that is best placed to fill the space as a bearer, the following season; and such shoots being so favoured, by the whole sap and space being given to them, will be proportionally stronger for succeeding bearers. If the horizontal itself be rendered weak or imperfect, beyond the first bearer, it may be cut out, and the bearer, which will by this be made strong enough, be brought down in its place.

Should it appear desirable at the autumn pruning, that the old horizontal with its bearers should remain another season only for the sake of its fruit, and then be taken out, the first bearer may be brought down across the other bearers, (see A. figure 4.) by which means it will be furnished with bearers in a proper manner, to take place of the old horizontal, whenever it is cut out, which, for the reasons before stated, may possibly be early in the spring, or in the course of the summer; and in

this case, at the next winter nailing, the change will scarcely be seen, for all the sap intended for the old horizontal and bearers, will have been given to this new one.

As this part of the management constitutes the most valuable part of this mode of training, and is what I have observed to puzzle a gardener more than any other, I have given sketches of horizontals and bearers arranged in different manners. See figures 3 and 4.

Trees must be frequently looked over during the summer, and the branches depressed or raised, as it may appear necessary to decrease or increase the luxuriance of any particular part; and as often as any branches are rendered useless, either from a failure of fruit, or otherwise, they must be cut out, and the general cutting should be performed as early as possible, after being divested of its fruit, for the earlier this is done, the better will the wounds heal, and the buds form themselves for the succeeding season.

After the last cutting or pruning has been performed, the trees may remain loose until the spring, or such parts of them as are not in danger of being injured by winds.

Notwithstanding this time or season for cutting is opposed to the general practice, it is certain, all fruit trees are less liable to gum, or canker, when cut during the season of their growth, than when more at rest in the winter, and the advantages resulting from adopting this season of the year for

those operations, are in other respects very great; in many instances, of repairing casual losses and injuries, it is equal to anticipating the produce of a future year.

When it is required to bend large branches or limbs, they will be found to submit more readily in autumn, and if done a week or two before the fall of the leaf, there will be less danger of producing gum or canker, as the sap at this time is sufficiently in motion to restore trifling fractures, or the strains. of the bark and vessels.

This mode of training will be found more conformable to the third principle than any other; it will also be found to combine all the grand requisites, stated to be produced by the different authors I have referred to.

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The stems, being two principal branches through which the sap will flow in equal portions from the root, to the length of three feet, before it is mitted to form collaterals, the same effect will be produced as if the whole sap was to pass up the single stem of a standard of six feet, which is justly observed by Bradley, "to make fruit branches in such plenty, that hardly any barren shoots are to be found upon them."

It also is conformable to the idea of Hales, that "Light also, by freely entering the extended surfaces of leaves and flowers, contributes much to the ennobling the principles of vegetables."

By avoiding the precise horizontal position in which Hitt directs the branches to be fixed, the

sap is more regularly and uniformly disposed of, and there will be no necessity for waste pipes, nor for cutting branches short to form studs for producing bearers, nor to adopt the method recommended by Forsyth for furnishing bearers, that of repeatedly pinching off the tops, and shortening the leading shoots.

The whole of the sap will, by this mode, be expended in profitable and increasing production, and all the desirable effects which these authors describe to be attainable, will be produced in less time and with less difficulty.

By this mode also, it is possible to train a tree to its utmost extent, without ever using the knife for any other purpose than for removing worn out branches, or old bearers, nor need a branch ever be shortened.

It will be found likewise to support Mr. Knight's ideas, "and expose a greater surface of leaf to the light," in the shortest possible time.

It will also "promote an equal distribution of the circulating fluids,;" and without cutting off the strongest and weakest branches, "each annual shoot, as produced, will possess nearly an equal degree of vigour."

And as the horizontals will be formed of the most luxuriant shoots, they will find sufficient space to be trained in, and thus by "proper treatment, will, in due season, be found to "have uniformly produced the finest possible bearing wood for the

succeeding year," and this without pinching off shoots.

Thus also, the same square of walling will be furnished with more bearing wood, in the third and fourth years, than can possibly be done by any other mode or principles published, and than can be effected by the common mode of practice, is less than eight or ten years.