Practical Surveying

Scale-Combined Telescope Clinometer and Prismatic Compass-
Prismatic Compass-The Circumferentor-The Theodolite-Adjust-
ment of the Theodolite-Adjusting the Vertical Axis-Centering
Plates-Parallel Plates-Parallel Plate Screws-Ball and Socket
Arrangement-The Limb or Lower Plate-The Upper or Vernier
Plate-Clamps Troughton's Clamp and Tangent Arrangement—
Levelling Plates-Vertical Arc-Compass - Telescope-The Dia-
phragm The Vernier-Transit Theodolite-Triangular Plate—
Everest Theodolite-Box Sextant-How to use Box Sextant-
Hughes's Improved Double Sextant-Plane Table-Telemeter-
Telemeter for the Laying but the Base-The use of the Telemeter as
a Surveying Instrument-To Measure the Width of a River-The
Level-The "Y" Level-The Dumpy Level-Telescope-Object
Glass-Eye-piece-The Diaphragm - The Cross-Wires-Line of
Collimation-Adjustment of the Level-Adjustment for Collimation
-Adjustment for Parallax-Reflecting Mirror-Levelling Staff-
Aneroid Barometer-Stadiometer-Omnimeter

PAGE

29-83

CHAPTER IV.

TRIGONOMETRY AS APPLIED TO SURVEYING.

Plane Surface-Plane Angle-Plane Rectilineal Angle-Perpendicular
-Obtuse Angle-Acute Angle-Circle-Centre of Circle-Diameter
of Circle-Semicircle-Segment of Circle-Rectilineal Figures—
Trilateral Figures-Quadrilateral Figures-Multilateral Figures—
Equilateral Triangle-Isosceles Triangle-Scalene Triangle-Right-
angled Triangle-Obtuse-angled Triangle-Acute-angled Triangle
-Theorems-Theory of Parallel Lines-Of the Circle-Trigono-
metrical Canon-Complement and Supplement of Angles-Trigono-
metrical Ratios-Sine - Tangent - Secant-Cosine-Cotangent-
Cosecant-Versed Sine-Coversed Sine-Chord-Relation of Hypo-
tenuse to the other sides of Right-angled Triangle-Comparison of
Functions-Cotangent of Greater or Less Angles-Sin A in Terms
of Cos A-Tan A in Terms of Sin A-Tan A in Terms of Cos A-
Cos A in Terms of Tan A-Sin A in Terms of Tan A-Sin A in Terms
of Sec A-Cos A in Terms of Cosec A-Cos A in Terms of Sec A-
Complemental Angles-The Sine, &c., and its Complement-Supple-
mental Angles-Use of and Signs-Positive and Negative
Condition of each Quadrant-Radius Unity-Basis of Formulæ—
Sines, &c. for 45 Degrees-for 60 Degrees-for 30 Degrees-for
18 Degrees for 120 Degrees-for 225 Degrees-Ratio of Radius—

CONTENTS.

Solution of Right-angled Triangles-Trigonometrical Ratios of Two

Angles-Sine and Difference of Sines and Cosines-Sine and Cosine

of Twice an Angle in Terms of Sine and Cosine of the Angle-Sine

and Cosines of Twice an Angle in Terms of Sine and Cosine of

Half the Angle-Sine and Cosine of Twice an Angle in terms of

Sine and Cosine of the Sum of Three Angles-Sine and Cosine of

Twice an Angle in Terms of Sine and Cosine of Three Times one

Angle-Oblique-angled Triangles-Sines and Cosines in Terms of

Sides—Sines and Cosines of Semi-angles—Logarithms—The Charac-

teristic-The Mantissa-Multiplication by Logarithms-Division

by Logarithms-Proportion by Logarithms-Arithmetical Comple-

ment-Involution by Logarithms-Evolution by Logarithms-

Natural and Logarithmic Sines, &c.—Arithmetical Computation--

Solution of Triangles by Natural Sines-Solution of Oblique

Triangles by Logarithms. Inaccessible Heights - Inaccessible

Surveying with Chain only-Field Book-Ordnance Field Book-Neces-
sity for Reconnoitre-Survey Lines to be numbered consecutively—
Conventional Signs for Ditch and Hedge-for Post and Rail
Fence-for Close Paling-for Walls-for Gates-for Footpaths-for
Cart Tracks or Bridle Paths-for Trees-for Orchards-for Woods-
for Brushwood-for Marshy Ground-for Heath or Gorse-for
Railways-for Railway Embankments-for Railway Cuttings-for
Broken Ground-for Parish Boundaries-for County Boundaries—
for Surveying Stations-for Direction of Line-Field Book-Best
Size Field Book-Single Line preferable to Double Column-Chain
Survey of Wimbledon Park—Few Lines as possible-Tape not to be
used for Offsets-Instructions to Chain-men-Enter every Ten
Chains in Field Book-Boning out Lines-Best Form of
Stations How to Keep Field Book-Separate Page for each Line—
As to marking Intersection of Line-Best Form of Base Lines-Foot
Paths and Cart Tracks-Gates-Hedge and Ditch-Avoid crossing
Fences as much as possible-Avoid cutting Fences unnecessarily—
Avoid cutting Trees - Clear up the Ground after Survey-
Cautions

132-145

CHAPTER VI.

THEODOLITE SURVEYING.

Check-lines obviated-Accurately mark Station-When to take Angles—

The necessary Number of Angles-Angles necessary-Surveyor's

Institution Examination-First a Chain Survey-What to avoid—

Surveying a River-Don't spare the Use of the Theodolite--

Corroboration of Observation-Hints on the Use of the Theo-

Traversing with Chain-Traversing by Included Angles-Guarding

against Metallic Attractions whilst Traversing-Plenty of Assistance

required in Traversing-Northings and Southings in Traversing—

As to closing a Traverse-Necessity for Care in checking-Rela-

tive Positions of Bearings-Magnetic Variation or Declination 155-160

CHAPTER VIII.

TOWN SURVEYING.

As to marking Stations in Streets-Taking Angles-Objections to Lamp-

posts, &c.—Taking Observations in Crooked Streets-As to the

Chain-When to take Angles-Do not erase Figures in Book-Use

Arrows for counting-As to Buildings-Lamp-posts, Gullies, &c.—

As to Streams-As to Plotting

161-170

CHAPTER IX.

LEVELLING.

Definition-Curvature of the Earth-Allowance for the Earth's Curva-
ture-Refraction-Necessary Adjustments-Simple Levelling-Com-
pound Levelling-Datum-Ordnance Datum-Bench Marks-Posi-
tion of Bench Marks-Different Kinds of Levelling-Level Book-

CONTENTS.

Foot Plates-Keeping the Level Book-Making up the Level Book
—Levelling Staff, how to use it—As to Distances-Measuring across
Streams—Providing for Curvature, &c.—Instructions to Staff-holder
-Plenty of Information-Taking Level of Water-Levelling with
Theodolite-Levelling with Aneroid-Cross Sections-Ticketing

PAGE

171-198

CHAPTER X.

CONTOURING.

Vertical Intervals and Horizontal Equivalents-Hypotenusal' Allow-

ance-Table of Horizontal Equivalents-Datum-Bench Marks—

Keeping the Field Book

199-209

CHAPTER XI.

SETTING OUT CURVES.

General Principles-Limit of Radii-Preliminary Operations-Tangent

Points-Tangential Angle-Length of Curve-Impeded Point in

Curve-Apex Inaccessible-Setting out with two Theodolites-

Curves of different Radii - Curves of Contraflexure-Formula for

Curves-Table of Tangential Angles-Setting out by Offsets-

Curve Offset Rule-Setting out from same Tangent-Setting out by

Necessity for System-Roughly plot the Survey Lines-Let the Paper
be well seasoned-Draw Scale on Paper before commencing-Box-
wood Scales best-Plot Survey North and South-Keep Paper per-
fectly flat-Laying down Survey Lines on Paper-Check Measure-
ments-Marking Stations-Straight Edge-Never Plot from Pencil
Lines-As to Plotting from Long Lines-Plot all Survey Lines first
-Plot each Day's Work as soon as possible-Equipment of Office-
Drawing Tables-Scales-Pricker-Pencils-Points of Pencils-
Protractors-Beam Compasses-How to use Beam Compasses-
Pricker or Needle Holder-Parallel Rules-Set Squares-Offsets-

Curves-Drawing Pens-Dividers Spring Bows-Drawing Instru-

ments-Proportional Compasses - India Rubber - Indian Ink-

Colours Conventional Signs and Colours-Model Plan-Inking-

in-Reference-As to Position of Place on Paper-Boundaries of

different Properties-Paint Brushes and Pencils-Precautions in

Colouring-North Points-Borders-Printing and Writing on

Plans-Scales-Enlarging and Reducing Plans—Pantagraph-Eido-

graph-How to adjust the Eidograph-Enlarging and Reducing

by Squares-Copying a Plan-General Hints

PAGE

229-255

CHAPTER XIII.